In high-speed liquid flows, where the flow velocity is extremely high, pressure drops dramatically (Bernoulli's principle), and when it falls below the saturated vapor pressure, steam is generated and cavities form in the flow. This is called cavitation. The efficiency of ship propellers and turbine blades decreases when cavitations form. Furthermore, when the cavities turn into bubbles and are carried downstream, the bubbles disappear when the pressure again exceeds the vapor pressure at a slower flow rate. At this time, the water around the bubbles collides with each other, creating a water hammer effect that generates extremely high pressure, which erodes the walls of the object, and in severe cases the walls become porous. This is called cavity erosion. Cavities can also be caused by powerful ultrasound in liquids. In this case, cavitation occurs when the sound pressure amplitude in the liquid exceeds a certain value. This value is called the cavitation threshold. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
高速度の液体の流れにおいては,流速がきわめて大きいところで圧力が著しく低下し (ベルヌーイの定理 ) ,飽和蒸気圧以下になると,蒸気が発生して流れの中に空洞ができる。これを空洞現象またはキャビテーションという。船のスクリューやタービンの翼などは,空洞が発生すると効率が下がる。さらに,空洞が気泡となって下流に流されるとき,流速が遅いところで圧力が再び蒸気圧以上になると,気泡が消滅する。このとき,気泡の周囲の水がぶつかり合う水撃作用によって非常に高い圧力が発生し,これによって物体の壁が浸食されて,はなはだしい場合に壁は多孔質となる。これを空洞浸食という。また液体中の強力な超音波によっても空洞現象は生じる。この場合,液体中の音圧振幅がある値をこえると発生する。この値をキャビテーションしきい値という。
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