Dormitory - Dormitory (English spelling)

Generally, a boarding school is a facility for students to live together, either for the convenience of students commuting from distant places or for educational purposes. There are also boarding schools for factories, shops, monasteries, and the military. In ancient times, boarding schools were established in Sparta in ancient Greece and in medieval monasteries. In the 12th and 13th centuries, students began to live autonomously and collectively in boarding colleges for research and education, as seen in the universities of Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge. From around the 15th century, public schools such as Rugby, Eton, and Harrow appeared in England to provide secondary education for the children of the bourgeoisie, and boarding education was provided, a tradition that continues to this day. Other representative examples are the Lycée in France and the Garden School in Germany. In the former Soviet Union, boarding schools were established in 1957 with the aim of providing a comprehensive education to students, and in the People's Republic of China, universities have adopted a boarding system since 1949. In Japan, the origins of boarding houses can be traced back to the Daigakuryo (Great University School) of the Nara and Heian periods and the Daigaku Besso (Great University School), which was established to provide academic support to poor clan children. Dormitories were also established at medieval temples, the Shoheizaka Gakumonsho (School of Education at Shoheizaka) of the early modern period, domain schools, and private schools. Dormitories can also be found in youth hostels, young men's hostels, and girls' hostels, where young people from the local community stayed together. After the Meiji period, old high schools, normal schools, and military-related schools were typical examples of schools that adopted a boarding system in which all students were housed in dormitories.

Nowadays, there are fewer schools that provide boarding houses for educational purposes, but some private schools, schools for the blind, deaf, and special needs, and seasonal boarding houses are provided for a certain period of time for students who have difficulty commuting to school due to snowfall, etc. The main purpose of boarding houses at vocational schools and universities is to reduce the economic burden of boarding life. Schools that house all students in boarding houses for educational purposes are specifically called boarding schools. These schools consider the boarding house a place for character development, and provide education 24 hours a day under the supervision of teachers. The educational effect of this is that independence and community are cultivated through group living. However, students may have less free time, lack individuality, and be subjected to bad behavior from older students.

[Teiko Fujiwara and Masahiro Kamiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

一般に、学校が、遠隔地からの通学の便を図るため、あるいは教育的意図をもって設ける学生のための共同生活の施設。工場、商店、僧院、軍隊などの寄宿舎もある。古くは古代ギリシアのスパルタや中世の修道院が寄宿舎を設けていた。12、13世紀には、パリ、オックスフォード、ケンブリッジ大学にみられるように、学生が寮舎としてのカレッジで、研究や教育のため自治的、集団的生活をするようになった。15世紀ごろからは、イギリスで、ラグビー、イートン、ハローなど、ブルジョア階級の子弟の中等教育を施すパブリック・スクールが出現し、寄宿舎教育を行い、現在も受け継がれている。また、フランスのリセやドイツの田園家塾も代表的なものである。なお、旧ソ連では、1957年より生徒の全面的教育を目的として寄宿制の学校が創設され、中華人民共和国でも、1949年以降、大学は寄宿制をとっている。日本においては、奈良・平安時代の大学寮や氏族の貧しい子弟の学業補助を目的に設けられた大学別曹(べっそう)に、寄宿舎の起源を求めることができる。中世の寺院、近世の昌平坂(しょうへいざか)学問所、藩校、私塾にも寄宿舎が設けられた。また、地域の庶民の若者が共同で宿泊した若者宿、若衆宿、娘宿も寄宿舎の淵源(えんげん)にあげられる。明治以後は、旧制高等学校、師範学校、軍関係の学校が代表的で、生徒全員を寄宿舎に入れる全寮制をとった。

　現在では、教育的意図から寄宿舎を設ける学校は少なくなり、一部の私立学校、盲・聾(ろう)・養護学校や、また、積雪などで通学困難な生徒のためにある期間だけ設けるという季節制の寄宿舎がある。専門学校や大学の寄宿舎は、下宿生活による経済的負担の軽減がおもな目的となりつつある。教育的意図から生徒全員を寄宿舎に収容する学校を、とくに寄宿学校boarding schoolと称する。これは、寄宿舎を人間形成の場と考え、教師の監督の下に24時間教育を行うものである。その教育効果は、集団生活を通して自主性、共同性などが養われることである。しかし、自己の時間が少なくなったり、個性が欠如したり、上級生から悪弊を被ることもある。

［藤原敬子・神山正弘］

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