Stick drum - Jyoko

This is the most representative double-sided drum of the Korean peninsula, and is used to accompany most Korean music. It is also called a saiyoko (thin waist drum). The two ends of the hourglass-shaped body, about 70 cm long, are fitted with leather faces stretched over circular iron frames (hooks), and are fastened together with red silk cords (curly ropes). The sound is adjusted by moving the curly ropes left and right to change the tension. The body is ideally made from a single piece of kiri wood, and the skin used is thin horse skin on the right and thick raw white skin (especially from a white horse) on the left. Usually, the right side is struck with a bamboo stick to produce higher notes, and the left side is struck with the palm of the left hand to produce lower notes. Also, drums struck with a mallet in the left hand are called soljoko (sol stick drums), and are mainly used in farming music and shaman music.

The basic rhythmic patterns played by the stick drum are called jangdan, and each jangdan has a name, such as Jinyanjo (slow) or Chunmori (moderate), and the tempo is also roughly fixed. Players compose music by making full use of jangdan and its variations. Many jangdan rhythms are based on a 3-beat pattern.

[Harumi Haratani]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

朝鮮半島のもっとも代表的な両面太鼓で、ほとんどの朝鮮音楽の伴奏に用いられる。細腰鼓(さいようこ)ともいう。70センチメートルほどの砂時計型の胴体の両端に、円形の鉄枠（鉤鉄）に張られた皮面を当て、紅真糸製の紐(ひも)（縮縄）で互いに締め付ける。この縮縄を左右に移動させ張力を変えることによって、音を調節する。胴体はキリの一木製を理想とし、皮は右は薄い馬皮を、左は厚い生白皮（とくに白馬のものがよい）を用いる。通常、右面は竹製の桴(ばち)（杖）でたたき高音を、左面は左手のひらでたたき低音を出す。また、左手に木槌(きづち)を用いてたたくのはソル杖鼓といい、おもに農楽、巫(ふ)楽に使われる。

　杖鼓によって奏される基本的なリズム型は長短（チャンダン）とよばれ、各長短には、チンヤンジョ（緩）、チュンモリ（中庸）のように名称があり、テンポもほぼ決まっている。奏者は、長短とその変奏を駆使し、音楽を構成する。長短には3拍子を基本にしたリズム型が多い。

［原谷治美］

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