Climate changes over long periods of time. Glacial and interglacial periods occur on time scales of millions to tens of thousands of years, and warm and cold periods occur on relatively short time scales of hundreds to decades. Climate change is a general term for such changes that occur on time scales of several decades or more. The causes of climate change are broadly divided into natural factors such as solar activity and anthropogenic factors such as global warming due to an increase in carbon dioxide, but today it is often used synonymously with anthropogenic climate change, i.e., "global warming." A similar term, "climate change," has a shorter time scale of years to decades, and is originally used when discussing the magnitude of change (variability), but in Japan, "climate change" is often used to include the meaning of climate change. By the way, the CC of the IPCC, an organization related to the United Nations established to consider the issue of global warming at the government level, is Climate Change, but it is translated as "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change." [Takehiko Mikami April 17, 2015] The reality of climate changeDepending on the time scale covered, it is divided into (1) geological era, (2) historical era, and (3) observational era. (1) The geological era is the period from the birth of the Earth to the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era, covering a time scale of hundreds of millions to tens of thousands of years. The climate of this period is estimated as follows based on old geology and fossils of plants and animals. The climate of the Precambrian Period, which was more than hundreds of millions of years ago, is unknown, but the Cambrian to Devonian periods (approximately 541 to 358.9 million years ago) in the first half of the Paleozoic Era were warm. From the Carboniferous to the Permian Periods (approximately 358.9 to 252.17 million years ago) in the second half of the Paleozoic Era, there was a glacial age mainly in the Southern Hemisphere, but after that, from the Mesozoic to the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era (252.17 to 2.58 million years ago), a relatively warm climate appeared. The following Quaternary Period (from 2.58 million years ago onwards) is also called the Ice Age, and glacial and interglacial periods alternated mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. In particular, from around 800,000 years ago, glacial and interglacial periods alternated in cycles of about 100,000 years. The coldest period of the last glacial period was about 20,000 years ago, and it is estimated that the average temperature of the Earth was about 5 to 6 degrees Celsius lower than today. This last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. (2) The historical period refers to the 10,000 years of the postglacial period. In order to estimate the climate of this period, analysis of tree rings and pollen, analysis of oxygen isotope ratios ( 18O / 16O ) in polar glaciers, and weather and disaster records in diaries and ancient documents are useful. According to these, the warming after the last glacial period reached its peak about 6,000 years ago, and the period of about 3,000 years before and after that is called the climatic optimum or hypsithermal period. The average temperature is estimated to have been about 1 to 2 degrees higher than today. Since then, it has gradually become colder with repeated fluctuations. Looking at the past 2,000 years, there was a warm period called the "medieval warm period" from the 8th century to the 13th century, and then, for about 300 years from the 15th century to the 19th century, a cold climate occurred mainly in Europe, and this was called the "Little Ice Age." (3) The observation period refers to the period from the end of the 19th century to the present, but detailed aspects of climate change can be understood using meteorological observation data. According to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (issued in 2013), a linear trend in the average global temperature calculated separately by multiple research institutes around the world based on land and sea observation data confirmed a 0.85°C temperature rise (global warming) from 1880 to 2012. [Takehiko Mikami April 17, 2015] Causes of Climate ChangeThey can be broadly divided into those caused by natural factors and those caused by anthropogenic factors (human activities). [1] Natural factors include (1) changes in the Earth's crust and geomagnetic field (continental drift, mountain building, geomagnetic strength and weakness, etc.), (2) changes in the Earth's orbit (changes in the amount of solar radiation at mid- to high-latitudes due to fluctuations in the eccentricity of the orbit, the tilt of the axis of rotation, and the precession of the Earth, with periods of approximately 100,000 years, 40,000 years, and 20,000 years, respectively), (3) changes in solar activity (long-term fluctuations in the amount of solar radiation and cosmic radiation), and (4) changes in volcanic activity (temporary drops in ground temperature due to an increase in stratospheric particulate matter following a large-scale eruption). Fluctuations in seawater temperature and snow and ice area are also important triggers of climate change. [2] The most important aspect of climate change caused by human activities is the strengthening of the greenhouse effect due to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is estimated that by the end of the 21st century, the average surface temperature will rise by about 2 to 3 degrees Celsius due to carbon dioxide levels expected to double compared to the end of the 19th century. [Takehiko Mikami April 17, 2015] "Iwanami Lecture Series on Earth and Planetary Sciences 11: Climate Change, by Sumi Akimasa, Yasunari Tetsuzo, Yamagata Toshio, Masuda Koichi, Abe Ayako, Masuda Fujio, and Yota Shigeo (1996, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Global Warming: Understanding the Global Warming Problem and Solutions through TIME Magazine Photos, supervised by Mikami Takehiko and edited by the editorial staff of TIME magazine (2009, Midori Shobo)" ▽ "Two Types of Warming: Global Warming and Heat Islands, edited by Kai Kenji (2012, Seizando Shoten)" ▽ "Can the Climate Be Changed? by Kito Akio (2013, Wedge)" ▽ "The Science of Climate Change: How Paleoclimatology Changes Our View of the Global Environment" by Ryuji Tada, in cooperation with the Hitachi Environment Foundation (2013, Misuzu Shobo)" ▽ "What We Know and Don't Know About Abnormal Weather and Climate Change: Welcome to Sora's Laboratory" edited by Hironori Fudeyasu, Hiroaki Kawase, Yoshiyuki Kajikawa, Kotaro Takaya, Masatake Hori, Toshihiko Takemura, and Hide Takeshita (2014, Bere Publishing)" [References] | | | | |Intergovernmental Panel | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気候は長い期間をとると、さまざまに変化する。数百万年から数万年の時間スケールで、氷期と間氷期が訪れたり、数百年から数十年の比較的短い時間スケールでも、温暖な時期と寒冷な時期が現れたりする。気候変化とは、数十年以上の時間スケールでおこるこのような変化の総称である。気候変化の原因は、太陽活動などの自然的要因と、二酸化炭素の増加による地球温暖化などの人為的要因とに大別されるが、現在では人為的要因による気候変化、すなわち「地球温暖化」と同義で使われることが多い。類似した用語の「気候変動」は、対象とする時間スケールが年々~数十年と短く、本来は変動の大きさ(変動性variability)を議論する場合などに用いられるが、日本では「気候変動」に気候変化の意味も含めて用いられることが多い。ちなみに、政府レベルで地球温暖化問題を検討するために設立された国連の関連の組織であるIPCCのCCはClimate Change(気候変化)であるが、「気候変動に関する政府間パネル」と翻訳されている。 [三上岳彦 2015年4月17日] 気候変化の実態対象とする時間スケールによって、(1)地質時代、(2)歴史時代、(3)観測時代に分けられる。 (1)地質時代とは、地球の誕生から新生代第四紀までの期間で、数億年から数万年の時間スケールがその対象となる。この時代の気候は、古い地質や動植物の化石などから、およそ次のように推定される。数億年以上前の先カンブリア時代については不明であるが、古生代前半のカンブリア紀からデボン紀(約5億4100万~3億5890万年前)は温暖であった。古生代後半の石炭紀からペルム紀(約3億5890万~2億5217万年前)にかけて、南半球を中心とする氷河時代があったが、その後、中生代から新生代第三紀(2億5217万~258万年前)までは比較的温暖な気候が現れた。続く第四紀(258万年前以降)は氷河時代ともよばれ、北半球を中心に氷期と間氷期が交代した。とくに80万年前ごろからは、約10万年の周期で氷期と間氷期が交互に訪れた。最終氷期の最寒冷期は約2万年前で、地球の平均気温は現在よりも5~6℃程度低かったと推定されている。この最終氷期は約1万年前に終わりを告げた。 (2)歴史時代とは、後氷期の約1万年間をさす。この時代の気候を推定するには、樹木の年輪や花粉の分析、極地の氷河に含まれる酸素同位体比(18O/16O)の分析などのほかに、日記や古文書の天候・災害記録が役にたつ。それによると、最終氷期以降の温暖化は約6000年前に頂点に達し、その前後約3000年間は気候最良期あるいはヒプシサーマルとよばれている。平均気温は現在よりも1~2℃くらい高かったと推定される。その後は変動を繰り返しながらしだいに寒冷化している。過去約2000年間をみると、8世紀から13世紀にかけて、「中世の温暖期」とよばれる温暖な時期があり、続く15世紀から19世紀に至る約300年間はヨーロッパを中心に寒冷な気候が訪れ、「小氷期」とよばれた。 (3)観測時代とは、19世紀末以降、現在までの期間をさすが、気象観測データを用いて詳細な気候変化の様相を知ることができる。IPCC第5次評価報告書(2013年発行)によると、陸上と海上の観測データをもとに世界の複数の研究機関が別個に算出した地球全体の平均気温から求めた直線的な変化傾向から、1880年~2012年の期間に0.85℃の気温上昇(温暖化)が確認された。 [三上岳彦 2015年4月17日] 気候変化の原因自然的な要因と人為的要因(人間活動)によるものとに大別される。 〔1〕自然的な要因としては、(1)地殻や地磁気の変化(大陸移動、造山運動、地磁気の強弱など)、(2)地球軌道要素の変化(軌道の離心率、自転軸の傾き、歳差運動が、それぞれ約10万年、約4万年、約2万年の周期で変動することによる中高緯度での日射量変化)、(3)太陽活動の変化(日射量、宇宙線量の長期変動)、(4)火山活動の変化(大規模噴火に伴う成層圏微粒子の増加による一時的な地上気温の低下)などがあげられる。海水温や雪氷面積の変動も気候変化の引き金として重要である。 〔2〕人間活動による気候変化でもっとも重要なのが、大気中の二酸化炭素濃度の増大による温室効果の強化である。21世紀末には、19世紀末の約2倍に増大すると予想される二酸化炭素によって、地上の平均気温は2~3℃程度上昇すると推定されている。 [三上岳彦 2015年4月17日] 『住明正・安成哲三・山形俊男・増田耕一・阿部彩子・増田富士雄・余田成男著『岩波講座 地球惑星科学11 気候変動論』(1996・岩波書店)』▽『三上岳彦監修、『タイム』誌編集部編『地球温暖化――TIME誌の写真でわかる地球温暖化問題と解決法』(2009・緑書房)』▽『甲斐憲次編著『二つの温暖化――地球温暖化とヒートアイランド』(2012・成山堂書店)』▽『鬼頭昭雄著『気候は変えられるか?』(2013・ウェッジ)』▽『多田隆治著、日立環境財団協力『気候変動を理学する――古気候学が変える地球環境観』(2013・みすず書房)』▽『筆保弘徳編、川瀬宏明編著、梶川義幸・高谷康太郎・堀正岳・竹村俊彦・竹下秀著『異常気象と気候変動についてわかっていることいないこと――ようこそ、そらの研究室へ』(2014・ベレ出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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