Travel literature - kikoubungaku
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Literary works that are based on what one experiences, sees, and hears while traveling, and take the form of diaries, letters, poems, and essays. [Hideo Funato and Kazuhiko Hirano] WesternIn the Middle Ages, the unknown world was almost infinite, so absurd descriptions often surprised people as if they were true. For example, a 14th century French author published "The Travels of Sir John de Mandeville," which was translated into English in 1377 and became popular, but it was a compilation of the notes of many travelers, and Sir John was a fictional character. Marco Polo's "The Travels of Marco Polo" and Ibn Battuta's "The Voyages of Three Continents" are also a mixture of fact and fiction, and it is unclear how much is true and how much is exaggerated. However, it is certain that "The Travels of Marco Polo" increased interest in Japan, which was described as a golden country, and stimulated European curiosity and a desire to explore. This stimulated exoticism, leading to evangelism to the Orient and a longing for our country, as represented by Pierre Loti and Lafcadio Hearn (Koizumi Yakumo). However, in times when transportation was inconvenient and travel was difficult (travail), travel was limited to certain regions. Therefore, books such as Thomas Fuller's (1608-1661) "A Description of England" (1662) spread information about the characteristics, famous sayings, and biographies of people from each state, and domestic travel by horse, carriage, and ship became popular. In the 18th century, Johnson and Boswell's "A Journal of a Journey to the Hebrides" (1785), a travelogue of the Scottish Highlands and Islands, became popular, and in the 20th century, Henry Vollam Morton's (1892-1979) "A Tour of England" (1927) was reprinted many times. Travel writings by Hakluyt Richard (1552?-1616) and Cook and others opened people's eyes to the world, but many European writers also traveled to Italy in search of the Mediterranean sunshine, leaving behind excellent travel writings. In France, Montaigne, who set off to Italy for a therapeutic spa treatment, left behind "Italian Journey" (written 1680-1681, published 1774), and Stendhal, who continued to yearn for Italy all his life, wrote "Rome, Naples, Florence" (1817) and "Walks in Rome" (1829). In Germany, Goethe, driven by his longing for Italy, wrote "An Italian Voyage" (1816-1817). This passion was further developed into works by the British writer and historian Belloc, such as "A Passage to Rome" (1902), and D. H. Lawrence, "Twilight in Italy" (1916). The Danish author Andersen also enjoyed traveling abroad, and wrote many travelogues, including his great journey through Germany, Austria, Italy, Greece, Turkey, etc., titled "A Poet's Bazaar" (1842), as well as "Voyage to Sweden" (1851), "Voyage to Spain" (1863), and "Voyage to Portugal" (1868). On the other hand, Hugo turned his attention to Germany and wrote "Voyage Fantastique des Rhine" (1842), in which he wrote about his impressions of the Rhine. Some writers turned their attention to exoticism outside of Europe. Loti's Autumn in Japan (1889) and Hearn's Glimpse of Japan (1894) raised interest in Japan, while Burton's First Steps in East Africa (1856) and T. E. Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926) became classics. The American Henry James also wrote travelogues such as Travels in the French Countryside (1886) and Nostalgic Italy (1909). Gide published a public account of the unknown world in his Travels in the Congo (1927) and Travels in the Soviet Union (1936), criticizing politics from a literary perspective, while D. H. Lawrence fictionalized his travels to Australia and New Mexico in Kangaroo (1923) and The Winged Serpent (1926). Around the same time, Forster also wrote the full-length novel A Passage to India (1924) based on his experiences traveling in India. Waugh's travelogue of Brazil, Ninety-two Days in Guyana and Brazil, was published in 1934. British author Durrell, who was born in India but had extensive experience in Egypt, Argentina, and other countries, also wrote travelogues such as Remembrances of a Venus of the Sea (1953) in his own unique style. Steinbeck, who studied marine biology, co-authored Sea of Cortez (1941) with his friend, biologist Edward Flanders Robb Ricketts (1897-1948). This work is both a travelogue and a piece of maritime literature centered on the logbook. Since the 1950s, with the development of transportation, the number of people traveling around the world has increased dramatically, and accordingly, a large number of travelogues have been published, both in the East and the West. Among these, notable works include Patagonia (1977) by Bruce Chatwin (1940-1989) from the UK, The Voyage of the Russian People (1985) by Colin Thubron (1939- ), and The Great Railway Journey of China (1989) and Voyage to the Great Mediterranean (1995) by Paul Theroux (1941- ). [Hideo Funato and Kazuhiko Hirano] JapanIn Japan, travel literature is classified as diary literature in the broad sense, and, together with essay literature, it occupies a corner of self-reflection literature. It is mainly written in prose, but many classical works, especially, include poetry. In modern times, some are in the form of letters. In addition, works such as "Ryōjin Hishō" and songs that list place names from banquet songs (haya-ka), and travel stories from the Middle Ages (war tales, Noh plays, Jōruri, etc.) that beautifully describe the journey of the protagonist, as well as "Chikusai" (Toyama Doji), "Tokaidōchū Hizakurige" (Jippensha Ikku), "Konjiki Yasha" (Scenery of Shiobara, etc., by Ozaki Koyo), and "Tabithu" (Yokomitsu Riichi), which use the protagonist's journey as a motif in whole or in part, are not travel literature in the sense that they are creative literature, but they are related. [Shuichi Fukuda and Kazuhiko Hirano] Occurrence/old eraTravel literature in Japan began with the Tosa Nikki, a later work, but its roots can also be found in ancient times. One example is the folk song of Yachihoko no Kami in the Kojiki and Nihon shoki, and the travels of Emperor Nintoku's wife Iwanohime, which can be considered the prototype of later travel writings. Another example is the travel poems of Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (volume 2) and Takechi no Kurohito (same), as well as the poems of the envoys sent to Silla (volume 15) in the Manyoshu, which incorporate place names and emotions and can be considered the prototype of travel literature. [Shuichi Fukuda and Kazuhiko Hirano] second handIn the Heian period, there are travelogues by monks who went to China, such as "Guhojunreigyoki" (Ennin) and "Gyorekisho" (Enchin), but the origin of travelogue literature is Ki no Tsurayuki's "Tosa Nikki" in terms of its concept, self-illumination, and other aspects. Other works from this period include "Zokihoshishu" (also known as "Ihonushi", date of creation unknown), and the opening part of "Sarashina Nikki" is also a travelogue about going from Kazusa to the capital. Also, reflecting the Heian aristocrats' custom of making pilgrimages (visiting shrines and temples), "Kagero Nikki" and "Sarashina Nikki" also contain sections about visiting Hatsuse and other places. [Shuichi Fukuda and Kazuhiko Hirano] middle agesIn the Kamakura period, against the backdrop of the popularity of pilgrimages to temples and shrines, which had become even more popular since the Insei period, works such as "Takakurain Itsukushima Gokouki" (Minamoto Michichika) and "Ise-ki" (Kamono Chomei, lost) were written, and many cultural figures made trips back and forth between Kyoto and Kamakura, leading to the publication of "Kaido-ki" (author unknown), "Tokan-kiko" (same author), and "Izayoi Nikki" (Abutsuni). Furthermore, starting with Noin and Saigyo in the late Heian period, hermits who traveled on wandering journeys and explored utamakura (poems with a poetic pillow) also appeared, and the latter half of "Toiwazugatari" is one such travelogue. During the Nanboku-cho and Muromachi periods, in addition to pilgrimages to shrines and temples and elegant journeys, there was also a lot of movement of intellectuals due to wars and the rise of local feudal lords, as well as journeys to accompany the shogun, military commanders to campaign, and expeditions, and a large number of travelogues were written, with around 50 of them still extant. In particular, those by renga poets such as Sogi are noteworthy. [Shuichi Fukuda and Kazuhiko Hirano] Early modern periodTravel by intellectuals became more common, and works such as Basho's "Oku no Hosomichi" (The Narrow Road to the Deep North) are particularly famous and important, but there were also works by scholars of Japanese classics such as Kamo Mabuchi, Motoori Norinaga, and Sugae Masumi, as well as scholars of Chinese classics such as Ogyu Sorai and Kaibara Ekiken. [Shuichi Fukuda and Kazuhiko Hirano] ModernIn modern times, there are works by poets and haiku poets such as Masaoka Shiki, Nagatsuka Takashi, Takahama Kyoshi, and Wakayama Bokusui, and in the Meiji period, beautifully written travel literature by Owada Takeki, Omachi Keigetsu, and Tayama Katai was popular, as was realistic writing by Koda Rohan and Kojima Usui. From the Taisho period onwards, works based on overseas travel, such as Tokutomi Roka's From Japan to Japan, and Shimazaki Toson's To the Sea and L'Etranger, as well as works by mountaineers such as Kogure Ritaro and Tabe Juji (1884-1972), have also attracted attention. Furthermore, in modern times, there is an increasing number of travel literature with a documentary approach. In 1958 (Showa 33), The Complete Works of Modern Travel Literature (Shudosha, 10 volumes in total) was published. It contains a huge number of travel writings, divided into sections on various regions of Japan, mountain areas, poetry, and so on. From 1959 to 1961, The Complete Works of World Travel Literature (Shudosha, 21 volumes in total) was published, completing a huge series that could be said to be the culmination of travel writings from Japanese people traveling abroad. Since then, no such large-scale collections of travel writings have been published, but with the increase in overseas travel due to the incredible development of transportation, and the increase in the number of people studying or living abroad, travel writings, along with essays, continue to be published in great numbers. [Shuichi Fukuda and Kazuhiko Hirano] FeaturesThe Japanese differ greatly from Europeans in that they see nature as a part of life, not something opposed to it, and strive to become one with it, a point that is most clearly reflected in travel writing. It can also be seen in the attitude toward and descriptions of utamakura and beautiful landscapes. Other distinctive features of Japanese literature include the inclusion of verse in prose, and the harmonious integration of landscape and lyricism. [Shuichi Fukuda and Kazuhiko Hirano] "Complete Works of Meiji Literature 94: Collection of Meiji Travel Literature," edited by Kiyoto Fukuda (1974, Chikumashobo)" ▽ "Complete Works of Modern Japanese Travel Literature," edited by Naoya Shiga, Haruo Sato, Yasunari Kawabata, Hideo Kobayashi, and Yasushi Inoue, 10 volumes, 3 supplementary volumes (1976, Holp Publishing)" ▽ "Complete Works of World Travel Literature," edited by Naoya Shiga, Haruo Sato, Yasunari Kawabata, Hideo Kobayashi, and Yasushi Inoue, 21 volumes (1979, Holp Publishing)" ▽ "Research Materials for Classical Japanese Literature 9: Diaries and Travel Literature," edited by Shosuke Ozone, Jun Kubota, and Akihiko Hidani (1984, Meijishoin)" ▽ "Study of Japanese Travel Literature: Observations on Lifestyle, Transportation, and Folklore," written by Tomio Igarashi (1986, Kashiwa Shobo)" ▽ "The Complete Collection of Hans Christian Andersen's Novels and Travel Writings, 10 volumes, edited by the Royal Danish Society for National Language and Literature and translated by Suzuki Tetsuro (1986-1987, Tokyo Shoseki)" ▽ "The New Collection of Japanese Classical Literature 51: Collection of Medieval Diaries and Travel Writings (1990, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "A Study of Medieval Travel Writings, by Shirai Tadayoshi (1994, Bunka Shobo Hakubunsha)" ▽ "The New Collection of Japanese Classical Literature 48: Collection of Medieval Diaries and Travel Writings" (1994, Shogakukan)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | Kaido-ki | The | | | | | Kogure Ryotaro | | | | | Shimazaki | | | | | | | | | Marco Polo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |The 4th and 5th lines on the left page are the poem "The sound of stealth is the sound of birds in the valley of Hiki, and someday their names will rise high in the clouds of the well." Old type edition by Abutsuni, published around the Genna and Kan'ei eras (1615-1644), with notes, owned by the National Diet Library . "The Sixteenth Night Diary" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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旅行によって体験したり見聞したりしたことを中心につくられた文学作品で、日記、書簡、詩、随筆のような形式を用いる。 ［船戸英夫・平野和彦］ 西洋中世においては、未知の世界がほぼ無限に広がっていたために、しばしば荒唐無稽(むけい)な描写が真実として人々を驚愕(きょうがく)させることがあった。たとえば、14世紀のあるフランス作家が『サー・ジョン・ド・マンドビルの旅行記』を出版し、1377年には英語に翻訳されて人気を博したが、これは数々の旅行者の手記を寄せ集めて編集したものであって、サー・ジョンも架空の人物であった。マルコ・ポーロの『東方見聞録』やイブン・バットゥータの『三大陸周遊記』にしても虚実が入り乱れ、どこまで真実であり、どこまで誇張であるかはさだかでない。しかし、『東方見聞録』が黄金の国であるとした日本への関心を高め、ヨーロッパ人の好奇心や探検欲を刺激したことは確かである。それが異国趣味を刺激し、東洋への伝道やピエール・ロチやラフカディオ・ハーン（小泉八雲）に代表されるわが国への憧憬(しょうけい)につながる。 しかし交通が不便であり、旅とは難儀（トラバイユtravail）であった時代には、旅行は地域的に限られていた。そこでフラーThomas Fuller（1608―1661）の『イギリス風土記(ふどき)』（1662）のように各州別に特徴・名言・人物伝が流布し、馬・馬車・船などにより国内旅行が盛んになった。18世紀にはジョンソンとボズウェルのスコットランド高地地方と島嶼(とうしょ)への旅行記『ヘブリディーズ諸島旅日記』（1785）が人気をよび、20世紀にはモートンHenry Vollam Morton（1892―1979）の『イギリス探訪記』（1927）が版を重ねている。 ハクルートRichard Hakluyt（1552？―1616）やクックなどの旅行記によってやがて世界への目が開かれるが、ヨーロッパ内部でも地中海の陽光を求めてイタリアへと旅立ち優れた紀行文を残した作家も多い。フランスでは、イタリアでの温泉治療に旅立ったモンテーニュが『イタリア旅行記』（1680～1681執筆、1774出版）を残しており、一生イタリアにあこがれ続けたスタンダールが『ローマ・ナポリ・フィレンツェ』（1817）や『ローマ散歩』（1829）を著した。ドイツでも、イタリアへの憧憬に導かれたゲーテは『イタリア紀行』（1816～1817）を書いた。こうした情熱はさらに、イギリスの作家で歴史家でもあるベロックの『ローマへの道』（1902）やD・H・ローレンスの『イタリアの薄明』（1916）へと発展する。またデンマークの作家アンデルセンも外国旅行を好み、ドイツ、オーストリア、イタリア、ギリシア、トルコなどの大紀行記『一詩人のバザール』（1842）を筆頭に『スウェーデン紀行』（1851）、『スペイン紀行』（1863）、『ポルトガル紀行』（1868）など多くの紀行文を著している。一方、ドイツに目を向け、ラインの印象を綴(つづ)ったユゴーは『ライン河幻想紀行』（1842）を書いた。 ヨーロッパ以外のエキゾティスムに目を向けた作家もいた。ロチの『日本の秋』（1889）やハーンの『日本瞥見(べっけん)記』（1894）は日本への関心を高め、バートンの『東アフリカへの第一歩』（1856）、T・E・ローレンスの『知恵の七柱』（1926）は古典的名著となった。アメリカのヘンリー・ジェームズも紀行文集『フランスの田舎(いなか)町めぐり』（1886）、『郷愁のイタリア』（1909）などを書いている。ジッドは『コンゴ紀行』（1927）や『ソビエト紀行』（1936）を書き未知の世界の実像を公にし、文学者の目で政治を批判したが、D・H・ローレンスは『カンガルー』（1923）、『翼ある蛇』（1926）でオーストラリアとニュー・メキシコへの旅行を小説化した。また同じころフォースターもインド旅行の体験から長編小説『インドへの道』（1924）を生んだ。1934年にはウォーのブラジル旅行記『ガイアナとブラジルの九十二日間』が出版されている。インド生まれでエジプトやアルゼンチンなどでの経験に富んだイギリス人作家ダレルも独特の表現で『海のビーナスの思い出』（1953）などの紀行文を著している。海洋生物学を学んだスタインベックは、友人の生物学者リケッツEdward Flanders Robb Ricketts（1897―1948）との共著で『コルテスの海』（1941）を書いた。この作品は紀行文であると同時に航海日誌を中心とした海洋文学でもある。 1950年以降は交通手段の発達により世界各地を旅行する人々ははるかに増え、それに比例して紀行文も洋の東西を問わずおびただしく出版されるようになった。そのなかでは、イギリスのチャトウィンBruce Chatwin（1940―1989）の『パタゴニア』（1977）やサブロンColin Thubron（1939― ）の『ロシア民族紀行』（1985）、アメリカのセローPaul Theroux（1941― ）の『中国鉄道大旅行』（1989）、『大地中海旅行』（1995）などが注目される。 ［船戸英夫・平野和彦］ 日本日本の場合、紀行文学は広義の日記文学のなかに入り、随筆文学とともに自照文学の一角を占める。散文を主とするが、とくに古典文学には詩歌を挿入したものも多い。近代には書簡体のものもある。なお、『梁塵秘抄(りょうじんひしょう)』や宴曲（早歌(そうか)）のなかの地名を列挙した歌謡や、主人公が旅行く道程を美文で描写する中世以来の道行文(みちゆきぶん)（軍記物語、謡曲、浄瑠璃(じょうるり)など）、さらに主人公の旅を全部もしくは一部のモチーフとした『竹斎(ちくさい)』（富山道冶(とみやまどうや)）、『東海道中膝栗毛(ひざくりげ)』（十返舎一九）、『金色夜叉(こんじきやしゃ)』（塩原の景など。尾崎紅葉）、『旅愁』（横光利一）などは、創作文学という点で紀行文学ではないが、関連はある。 ［福田秀一・平野和彦］ 発生・上代日本における紀行文学は次代の『土佐日記』に始まるが、上代にもその萌芽(ほうが)はある。一つは、記紀歌謡の八千矛神(やちほこのかみ)のものや仁徳(にんとく)天皇の后(きさき)磐之媛(いわのひめ)の旅を叙したものなどで、後世の道行文の原型といえる。もう一つは、『万葉集』のなかの柿本人麻呂(かきのもとのひとまろ)（巻2）や高市黒人(たけちのくろひと)（同）の旅の歌群や、遣新羅使(けんしらぎし)の歌群（巻15）などで、地名と感情を詠み込み、紀行文学の原型といえる。 ［福田秀一・平野和彦］ 中古平安時代に入ると入唐(にっとう)僧の紀行『入唐求法巡礼行記(ぐほうじゅんれいぎょうき)』（円仁(えんにん)）、『行歴抄(ぎょうれきしょう)』（円珍）などがあるが、構想や自照性その他から紀行文学の祖とすべきは、紀貫之(きのつらゆき)の『土佐日記』である。この時代には、ほかに『増基(ぞうき)法師集』（別名『いほぬし』、成立年時未詳）があり、『更級(さらしな)日記』の冒頭部も上総(かずさ)から都へ上る紀行文学となっている。また平安貴族の物詣(もう)で（社寺参詣(さんけい)）の習慣を反映して、『蜻蛉(かげろう)日記』や『更級日記』にも初瀬詣でその他の部分がある。 ［福田秀一・平野和彦］ 中世鎌倉時代に入ると、院政期からいっそう盛んになった寺社参詣の流行を背景に『高倉院厳島御幸記(いつくしまごこうき)』（源通親(みちちか)）、『伊勢(いせ)記』（鴨長明(かものちょうめい)、散逸）などが書かれ、また京都と鎌倉を往復する文化人も多く、『海道記』（作者未詳）、『東関(とうかん)紀行』（同）、『十六夜(いざよい)日記』（阿仏尼）なども出た。また、平安後期の能因や西行(さいぎょう)に始まる歌枕(うたまくら)探訪と漂泊の旅を行う隠者も現れ、『問はず語り』の後半などはそうした紀行である。南北朝・室町期には社寺参詣や風流漂泊の旅のほかに、戦乱や地方大名の勃興(ぼっこう)による文化人の移動も多く、また将軍への随行や武将の出陣、遠征などの旅もあり、多数の紀行文学が書かれ、現存するものでも約50に上る。とくに宗祇(そうぎ)ら連歌師のものが注目される。 ［福田秀一・平野和彦］ 近世文化人の旅はいっそう盛んになり、芭蕉(ばしょう)の『おくのほそ道』その他はとくに有名・重要であるが、賀茂真淵(かもまぶち)、本居宣長(もとおりのりなが)、菅江真澄(すがえますみ)ら国学者や荻生徂徠(おぎゅうそらい)、貝原益軒など漢学者にも作品がある。 ［福田秀一・平野和彦］ 近代近代にも正岡子規(しき)、長塚節(たかし)、高浜虚子、若山牧水など歌人・俳人系統のものがあるほか、明治には大和田建樹(たけき)、大町桂月(けいげつ)、田山花袋(かたい)らの美文による紀行文学の流行があり、また幸田露伴(ろはん)、小島烏水(うすい)らの写実的なものもある。大正期以降にかけては徳冨蘆花(とくとみろか)の『日本から日本へ』、島崎藤村(とうそん)の『海へ』『エトランゼエ』など海外旅行を素材とするものや、木暮理太郎(こぐれりたろう)、田部重治(たなべじゅうじ)（1884―1972）ら登山家のものも注目される。さらに現代には記録文学の姿勢による紀行文学が多くなっている。 1958年（昭和33）、『現代紀行文学全集』（修道社、全10巻）が刊行された。ここには日本各地域編、山岳編、詩歌編などで構成された膨大な量の紀行文が掲載されている。また1959年から1961年にかけては『世界紀行文学全集』（修道社、全21巻）が刊行され、日本人の海外旅行紀行文集大成ともいうべき膨大なシリーズが完成した。以降はこのような大規模な紀行文集は刊行されていないが、交通手段の驚異的な発達による海外旅行の増加、海外留学あるいは海外在住体験者の増大によって、紀行文がエッセイの領域と相まって枚挙にいとまなく出版され続けている。 ［福田秀一・平野和彦］ 特色日本人は、自然を人生と対立するものとしてでなく人生の一部としてとらえ、自然と一体化しようとするのがヨーロッパ人との大きな違いで、その点が紀行文学に端的に出ている。歌枕や美しい風景に対する態度やその描写にもそれがみられる。また散文の中に韻文（詩歌）を挿入すること、叙景と叙情が渾然(こんぜん)一体となっていることなども、日本文学の特色とされている。 ［福田秀一・平野和彦］ 『福田清人編『明治文学全集94 明治紀行文学集』（1974・筑摩書房）』▽『志賀直哉・佐藤春夫・川端康成・小林秀雄・井上靖監修『現代日本紀行文学全集』全10巻、補巻3（1976・ほるぷ出版）』▽『志賀直哉・佐藤春夫・川端康成・小林秀雄・井上靖監修『世界紀行文学全集』全21巻（1979・ほるぷ出版）』▽『大曽根章介・久保田淳・桧谷昭彦編『研究資料日本古典文学9 日記・紀行文学』（1984・明治書院）』▽『五十嵐富夫著『日本紀行文学の研究――生活・交通・民俗的考察』（1986・柏書房）』▽『デンマーク王立国語国文学会編、鈴木徹郎訳『アンデルセン小説・紀行文学全集』全10巻（1986～1987・東京書籍）』▽『『新日本古典文学大系51 中世日記紀行集』（1990・岩波書店）』▽『白井忠功著『中世紀行文学論攷』（1994・文化書房博文社）』▽『『新編日本古典文学全集48 中世日記紀行集』（1994・小学館）』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |左ページ4～5行目が「忍び音は比企の谷なる時鳥雲井に高くいつか名のらん」の歌。古活字版 阿仏尼著 元和・寛永年間（1615～1644）ごろ刊 書き込みあり国立国会図書館所蔵"> 『十六夜日記』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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