Christian Culture - Christian Culture

Japanese: キリシタン文化 - キリシタンぶんか

A general term for the culture that was introduced from the West through Christianity from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the early Edo period. It occupied a unique position in the history of Japanese culture. As for charitable activities, they established nursing homes and hospitals in various places to provide relief for the poor and medical care, and as for educational activities, they provided European-style education in colleges and seminaries, mainly through missionaries, teaching philosophy, theology, Latin, music, etc., and also provided terakoya-style education for children in rural areas. In terms of publishing activities, they published so-called Christian editions and disseminated doctrinal books, religion, literature, etc. In the field of religious life, believers participated in masses and sermons mainly at local churches, held baptisms, weddings, and funerals, and also celebrated Christmas and Easter. In the field of arts and sciences, they were active in astronomy, geography, medicine, etc., and in particular, surgery was emphasized in medicine, and was known to later generations as Nanban-ryu surgery. They also acquired knowledge of the Western calendar, the seven-day system, and world geography, and missionaries conducted surveys of Japanese geography. As for art, few pieces remain, but representative examples include the "Fifteen Mysteries of the Virgin Mary" at Oura Cathedral in Nagasaki and the "Archangel Miguel" at Urakami Cathedral. There are also works by Japanese artists, and Nanban folding screens can be considered a type of Christian art. Gregorian chants and pipe organs were introduced as church music. In terms of manners and customs, various customs and languages, as well as so-called Nanban-style clothing, food, and luxury items, became popular. Christian culture was generally suppressed after the ban on Christianity, but as Nanban culture, its influence remained strong in science, daily furnishings, clothing, and other areas, and it even occupied a leading position in practical fields such as medicine, until it eventually gave way to Dutch studies.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけ，キリスト教を通じて西洋から伝来した文化の総称。日本文化史上に特異の地位を占めた。慈善事業としては，貧民救済，医療のため各地に養老院，病院を設置し，教育活動としては，宣教師を中心にコレジヨ，セミナリオなどでヨーロッパ風の教育を行い，哲学，神学，ラテン語，音楽などを教授し，地方農村でも寺子屋風の児童教育を行なった。出版活動の面では，いわゆるキリシタン版を刊行し，教義書，宗教，文学などを伝えた。信仰生活の分野では，信徒は地方教会を中心にミサ，説教に参加し，洗礼，結婚，葬儀を営み，降誕祭，復活祭も行なった。学芸の分野では，天文学を中心に地理学，医学などの面で活躍し，特に医学では外科が重視され，後世まで南蛮流外科の名で知られる。また西洋暦，七曜制，世界地理の知識も得，宣教師による日本地理の調査も行われた。美術としては，現存品は少いが，長崎大浦天主堂の『聖母十五玄義図』，浦上天主堂の『大天使ミゲル図』などが代表的である。日本人画家の作もあり，南蛮屏風もキリシタン美術の一種といえよう。教会音楽としてグレゴリオ聖歌，パイプオルガンなどが伝えられた。風俗の面でも各風習，言語をはじめ，いわゆる南蛮風の衣食料，嗜好品が流行した。キリシタン文化は総じて禁教以後は弾圧されたが，南蛮文化として科学，日用調度品，衣料などには影響が強く残り，医学をはじめ実学的分野ではむしろ指導的地位を占めたが，やがて蘭学にその地位を譲った。

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