Managed price - kanrikaku (English spelling) administered price

Japanese: 管理価格 - かんりかかく(英語表記)administered price
Managed price - kanrikaku (English spelling) administered price

This refers to prices that are determined artificially based on the market power of oligopoly companies, independent of market factors such as demand and supply. In a perfectly competitive market, prices are determined by supply and demand, and each company acts as a price taker, making production plans based on the prices determined in this market. In contrast, oligopoly companies act as price makers, who can set the prices of their products with a certain degree of discretion, and prices are managed by the companies to a certain extent independent of changes in market conditions. Managed prices are determined by full-cost pricing (mark-up pricing) and target pricing, which determine target profit rates taking into account long-term factors such as market structure, the possibility of new companies entering the market, and demand conditions, and set prices to achieve those rates. Prices set by such methods are not immediately changed even if short-term fluctuations in demand, changes in operating rates, or slight changes in raw material prices occur. In other words, they are characterized by price rigidity. Furthermore, oligopolistic companies tend to pass on increased costs to prices due to their market power, and are reluctant to lower prices that should be lowered given the supply and demand conditions in the market. Therefore, administered prices generally tend to be downwardly rigid and upwardly flexible. Inflation caused by this tendency for administered prices is called administered price inflation.

The term "administered prices" was first used by American economist G.C. Means in a report submitted to the Senate in 1935. He considered the frequency of price changes in a certain period to be a measure of the degree of price flexibility, and reported that in the American economy there are two groups of prices: one with fairly flexible prices that are sensitive to fluctuations in supply and demand, and the other with inelastic prices that are controlled by companies. He hypothesized that the prices of industrial products in particular are downwardly rigid, that administered prices are a dominant feature of the manufacturing industry, and that the more concentrated the industries are, the more controlled their prices are. This hypothesis has been criticized, and G. Stigler and J.K. Kyndahl argued that, looking at the period from 1961 to 1966, in highly concentrated markets, product prices are not as rigid as Means suggested, and may even be flexible.

[Toshiyuki Uchijima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

寡占企業の市場支配力に基づき、需要や供給などの市場の要因からは独立に人為的に決定される価格をいう。完全競争市場では需給関係により価格が決定され、個々の企業はこの市場で決定される価格に基づいて生産計画をたてるプライス・テーカーprice taker(価格受容者)の立場にある。これに対して寡占企業は、自らの製品の価格をある程度の自由裁量によって決定することができるプライス・メーカーprice maker(価格設定者)の立場にあり、価格は市場条件の変化とはある程度独立して企業により管理されている。管理価格は、市場構造、新企業の参入の可能性、需要条件などの長期的要因を考慮して目標利潤率を決め、それを実現しうるように価格を設定するフルコスト・プライシングfull-cost pricing(マークアップ・プライシングmark-up pricing)やターゲット・プライシングtarget pricingなどにより決定される。このような方式により設定される価格は、需要の短期的変動、操業度の変化、原材料価格の多少の変化が生じても、ただちには変更されない。すなわち、価格硬直性をもつのが特色である。さらに寡占企業はその市場支配力により費用の増加を価格に転嫁しがちであり、また市場の需給条件からしては当然下がるべき価格を下げようとはしない。したがって、管理価格は一般に下方に硬直的であり、上方には伸縮的である傾向がある。このような管理価格の傾向がもたらすインフレーションを管理価格インフレとよぶ。

 管理価格ということばは、アメリカの経済学者G・C・ミーンズが1935年に上院に提出した報告書のなかで初めて用いたものである。彼は、一定期間における価格変化の頻度を価格の伸縮性の程度を示す尺度と考え、アメリカ経済には、需給の変動に敏感であるかなり伸縮的な価格のグループと、非伸縮的であり企業により管理されている価格のグループが存在することを報告し、とくに工業製品の価格は下方に硬直的であり、管理価格は製造業に支配的な特徴であるとみなし、集中度の高い産業の製品の価格ほど管理されているという仮説を提示した。この仮説には多くの批判があり、G・スティグラーとJ・K・キンダールは、1961年から66年までの期間をみると、高度に集中化されている市場では、製品価格はミーンズが示すほどには硬直的ではなく、むしろ伸縮的でさえあると論じている。

[内島敏之]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Management act - Kanrikōi

>>:  Management accounting

Recommend

Avon Mouse - Avon Mouse

...Population: 401,000 (1995). Located downstream...

Luna tucumana (English spelling)

…In 1929, he wrote his first song, “Camino del in...

Alkaline battery - Alkaline candenti

A dry battery that uses an alkaline aqueous soluti...

Selaginella - Selaginella

An evergreen fern of the Selaginellaceae family. ...

Nokonoshima Island

It is an island in Hakata Bay, located in the nor...

general map

...Therefore, as various surveys of the Earth pro...

Darwin's tuberculum

The front, upper and rear edges of the pinna are m...

Bento de Goes

1562‐1607 A Jesuit priest from the Portuguese Azor...

Uji Issaikyoe - Uji Issaikyoe

…In Japan, the first copy of the entire Buddhist ...

Corrective method - Kyoseiho

...The techniques can be broadly divided into thr...

Dizygotheca elegantissima Vig.et Guill.

An evergreen tall tree of the Araliaceae family na...

Tsubo-tsuke - Tsubo-tsuke

It is also called "Tsubozuke." It refer...

Multiple Arts - fukusuugeijyutsu

A translation of "multiple art." It is a...

The system of the king's fields

...In the 20th century, scholars such as Hu Shi a...

Adoption of Christ - Christian Adoption Theory

...Bishop of Antioch in the 3rd century who preac...