Compulsory Arbitration

Arbitration is initiated without the will of both parties to resolve a labor dispute. There are three methods for mediating disputes undertaken by the Labor Relations Commission: mediation, conciliation, and arbitration. Of these, arbitration is a method in which an arbitration committee appointed by the chairman of the Labor Relations Commission issues a ruling to resolve the dispute. Since an arbitration ruling is legally binding without waiting for the acceptance of the disputing parties, in principle only arbitration initiated based on the will of both parties involved (voluntary arbitration) is permitted. However, in the case of public administrative corporations and local public enterprises, due to the prohibition of labor disputes, compulsory arbitration is conducted in the following cases (Article 33 of the Law Concerning Labor Relations of Public Administrative Execution Corporations and Article 15 of the Law Concerning Labor Relations of Local Public Enterprises).

(1) When a dispute has not been resolved within two months after the Labor Relations Commission has commenced mediation or conciliation, and one of the parties applies for a motion to do so.
(2) When the Labor Relations Commission makes a resolution.
(3) When requested by the competent minister or the prefectural governor (in the case of a local public enterprise).
[Hideo Kinoshita and Mikio Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

労働争議の解決に向けて当事者双方の意思に基づかないで開始される仲裁。労働委員会の行う争議調整の方法には、斡旋(あっせん)、調停、仲裁の三つがあるが、このうち仲裁は、労働委員会の会長が指名する仲裁委員会が裁定を与えて争議を解決する方法である。仲裁裁定は、争議当事者の受諾を待たずに法的拘束力をもつため、原則として関係当事者双方の意思に基づいて開始される仲裁（任意仲裁）のみが認められている。ただ行政執行法人や地方公営企業については、争議行為が禁止されていることとも関連して、強制仲裁が次のような場合に行われる（行政執行法人の労働関係に関する法律33条、地方公営企業労働関係法15条）。

(1)労働委員会が斡旋または調停を開始したのち2か月を経過しても紛争が解決しない場合に、関係当事者の一方が申請したとき
(2)労働委員会が決議したとき
(3)主務大臣または都道府県知事が請求したとき（後者は地方公営企業の場合）
［木下秀雄・吉田美喜夫］

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