Qian Dehong - Sen Tok Kou

A Yangming scholar from the Ming Dynasty in China. His given name was Kuan, and his pen name was Dehong. He was known by the name Dehong, and later changed his pen name to Hongfu. His pen name was Oshan. He was from Yuyao (Zhejiang Province). He was a senior disciple of Wang Yangming (Shuren) in his later years, and is also known as Wang Ji. He was an official in the Ministry of Justice, but was imprisoned. After his release, he traveled around the world for 30 years, devoting himself to spreading Wang's teachings. After Yangming's death, he collected his will and manuscripts, and took charge of the practical work of completing the "Records of Transience" and "Complete Works of Wang Wencheng Gong." He was a sincere and moderate person, and this was reflected in his ideas and achievements. He and Wang Ji had different positions on the interpretation of Yangming's Four-Line Teachings. Wang Ji emphasized the mind's inherent state of being free from good and evil and advocated the Four Nos theory, but Qian Dehong followed the Four Phrase Teaching as is, and taught that in order to return to this original state of the mind, it is necessary to steadily cultivate oneself in addition to the good and evil that arise in one's thoughts. Yangming accepted both, but after his death, the Wang school split into three schools: the Cultivation of Realization school, the Return to Silence school, and the Present Realization school, with Qian Dehong belonging to the Cultivation of Realization school and Wang Ji to the Present Realization school. The Cultivation of Realization school criticized the Return to Silence school, which places importance on things like meditation, and the Present Realization school, which neglects self-cultivation, and sought to realize conscience through steady cultivation in daily practice. The Cultivation of Realization school, which is halfway between the Return to Silence and Present Realization schools, is also known as the orthodox school, but gradually came closer to Neo-Confucianism. Qian Dehong wrote the "Oshan Huiyu."

[Hiroyuki Sugiyama February 17, 2016]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、明(みん)代の陽明学者。名は寛、徳洪は字(あざな)。徳洪が通行し、のちに字を洪甫(こうほ)と改める。号は緒山(しょざん)。余姚(よよう)（浙江(せっこう)省）の人。王陽明（守仁(しゅじん)）晩年の高弟で、王畿(き)と並称される。官は刑部(けいぶ)郎中に至ったが、獄に下され、出獄後は四方を周遊すること30年、もっぱら王学の伝播(でんぱ)に努めた。陽明死後、遺言や遺稿を収集し、『伝習録(でんしゅうろく)』や『王文成公全書』を完成させるための実務を担った。人柄は篤実穏健で、その思想や業績にも反映している。王畿とは陽明の四句教の解釈をめぐって立場を異にした。王畿は心本来の無善無悪なあり方を強調して四無説を主張したが、銭徳洪は四句教をそのまま遵守し、こうした心本来の姿に戻るためには、意念に生ずる善悪のうえに着実な修養を積むことが必要だと説いた。陽明は両者を可としたが、陽明の死後、王門は修証派、帰寂派、現成派の三派に分岐することになり、銭徳洪は修証派に、王畿は現成派に属す。修証派は、静坐(せいざ)などを重んずる帰寂派や、修養を軽視する現成派を批判して、日々の実践のなかで着実に修養を重ねて良知を実現しようとする。帰寂、現成両派の中間に位置する修証派は正統派ともよばれるが、しだいに朱子学に接近することになる。銭徳洪には『緒山会語』の著があった。

［杉山寛行　2016年2月17日］

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