It is the position at the center of the research and education organization in a university, and is responsible for the progress of academic studies in the specialized field and for the education of the studies. It is the highest rank among university teachers, including associate professors. Traditionally, they had a great influence as the person in charge of university courses. In addition, there are professors who focus on research at university research institutes. The School Education Law stipulates that "A professor is a person who has particularly excellent knowledge, ability, and achievements in education, research, or practice in the field of his/her major, and who teaches students, guides their research, or engages in research" (Article 92, Clause 6). The qualifications of a professor are stipulated in the University Standards established by the University Accreditation Association in 1947 (Showa 22) and the University Establishment Standards (Ministry of Education Ordinance No. 28 of 1956), which were created based on these standards. According to the latter, the qualifications for becoming a professor place emphasis on achievements in education and research and teaching experience, and state that one must hold a doctorate or have achievements recognized as equivalent, have experience as a university assistant professor (as of April 2007, due to the revision of the School Education Act, this became associate professor) or have five years or more experience as a professor at a high school or vocational school under the old system and have achievements recognized in education and research, and in the case of performing arts or physical education, must excel in special skills and have a teaching experience. According to university standards, in the case of graduate school professors, it is not enough to merely have a degree; one must also have the ability and insight to supervise research and teach. Associate professors are generally mid-level university faculty members who are candidates for professorship. The School Education Act stipulates the position of associate professor in Article 92, Clause 7. The qualifications for an associate professor are also stipulated in Article 15 of the University Establishment Standards. University professors are free in their pursuit of truth and educational activities, and are given the privilege of not being subject to bureaucratic control. This stems from the special nature of academics and education. However, this also means that university professors are obligated to fulfill the university's mission as a research and educational institution. Furthermore, universities can award the title of "Professor Emeritus" to individuals who have worked for the university for many years as president, professor, associate professor, or lecturer, and who have made particularly distinguished contributions in education or academics, in accordance with the university's regulations (Article 106 of the School Education Act). Faculty assemblies at universities are also a body of teachers, and so faculty councils have been established as their own decision-making bodies. Faculty councils have also begun to be established in organizations within universities other than traditional faculties. Faculty councils are comprised of professors, but associate professors and other staff members can also be added (Article 93, Paragraph 2, School Education Law). The matters that faculty councils deliberate on are (1) the establishment and abolition of courses, departments, and facilities related to education and research, (2) the curriculum, (3) the determination of student enrollment, student admission, withdrawal, transfer, leave of absence, and graduation, (4) student organizations, student activities, and student life, (5) student discipline, and (6) other important matters related to education, research, and administration. The appointment of university presidents and department heads, as well as the appointment and promotion of faculty members, are decided by election, but the selection is made by the university management body. In this case, the "university management body" is for the time being interpreted as the "faculty council" in universities with one faculty (Article 25, Paragraph 1, Special Act on Educational Public Servants). [Tezuka Takehiko] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大学における研究・教育の組織の中枢にあって、専門とする学術の進歩ならびにその教育に対して責任を負う職であり、准教授など大学の教師のなかの最高位に位置する。従来大学の講座の担当者として大きな影響力をもっていた。なお、大学の付置研究所などには研究に主力を注ぐ教授も置かれている。学校教育法は「教授は、専攻分野について、教育上、研究上又は実務上の特に優れた知識、能力及び実績を有する者であつて、学生を教授し、その研究を指導し、又は研究に従事する」(92条6項)と規定している。教授の資格については、大学基準協会が1947年(昭和22)に定めた大学基準およびこれを母体としてつくられた大学設置基準(昭和31年文部省令28号)に規定がみられる。後者によると、教授となる資格は、教育研究上の業績や教員の経歴が重視され、博士の学位を有するか、もしくはそれに準ずる業績の認められる者、大学における助教授(学校教育法改正により2007年4月より准教授)の経歴または旧制の高等学校・専門学校における5年以上の教授の経歴があり、教育研究上の業績の認められる者、芸能・体育などについては特殊の技能に秀で教育の経歴のある者、としている。大学基準によると、大学院の教授の場合は、学位をもつだけで十分であるというのではなく、研究の指導ならびに教育上の能力および識見をもっていることが必要である。 准教授は、一般に大学教員の中堅層にあり、教授候補となっている。学校教育法では第92条7項に准教授について規定がある。また、准教授の資格については、大学設置基準の第15条に定めがある。 大学教授はその真理探究や教育についての活動においては自由であり、官僚統制には服さない特権を与えられている。このことは、学問や教育という特別の事項の性質に由来する。しかしこれによってまた大学教授は、大学の研究機関、教育機関としての使命を果たす義務を負う。なお、大学は、学長、教授、准教授または講師として大学に多年勤続した者であって、教育上または学術上とくに功績のあった者に対し、当該大学の定めるところにより、「名誉教授」の称号を授与することができる(学校教育法106条)。 大学の学部は教師団という意味もあり、自己の意志決定機関として教授会が設けられてきた。教授会は従来の学部以外の学内組織にも設けられるようになった。教授会の組織は教授を本体とするが、准教授そのほかの職員を加えることができる(学校教育法93条2項)。教授会が審議する事項は、(1)講座・学科ならびに教育・研究に関する施設の設置・廃止、(2)教育課程、(3)学生定員の決定、学生の入学・退学・転学・休学・卒業、(4)学生団体・学生活動・学生生活、(5)学生の懲戒、(6)そのほか教育・研究および運営に関する重要事項、などである。大学の学長や部局長の採用、ならびに教員の採用と昇任は選挙によるが、その選考は、大学管理機関が行うことになっている。この場合の「大学管理機関」は、一個の学部を置く大学にあっては、当分の間、「教授会」に読み替えられる(教育公務員特例法25条1項)。 [手塚武彦] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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