Kyoto - Kyoko

Japanese: 京戸 - きょうこ

…There is no conclusive historical evidence on the population of Heian-kyo in the 9th century, but it was probably between 100,000 and 150,000 people, including aristocrats who were given land to live in the city, ordinary people who were taxed less heavily than in other regions, and people who were conscripted from the provinces. Among them, the residents who were registered in the family register by the Left and Right Kyoto Bureau were called Kyoko, and many of them were farmers who were given land outside the city, sometimes in remote areas outside Yamashiro Province. However, because the conditions for cultivating land were unfavorable, it is thought that people who left agricultural production and became involved in the household management of government offices and aristocrats, or engaged in commerce and industry, such as city dwellers in the eastern and western cities, appeared early on. In addition, accommodations called Shiyoshikuriyamachi were provided for people who were conscripted from the provinces. …

From [Heian-kyo]

…It shared the same fate as the decline of the government office system, but some areas of the Kuriyacho were government-owned even in the Middle Ages, and it is also worth noting that Kuriyacho residents formed the base of transportation, commerce, and industry through the government office's duties. The left and right Kyoto officials were in charge of civil administration in Kyoto, and the residents who were registered as households by them were called Kyoto, and were given kubunden outside the capital. These were called Kyotoda, but many were allocated to remote areas, and they quickly declined, and the Kyoto were forced to find other occupations. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Kyoto" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…9世紀の段階における平安京の人口については決め手の史料を欠くが，宅地を班給されて京中に住んだ貴族をはじめ，課税が他地域に比して軽かった一般庶民，地方から徴発された課役民などをあわせ，10万人から15万人までの間であったろう。このうち左右京職（きようしき）によって戸籍に付された住民を京戸（きようこ）といい，その多くは，京外，ときには山城国以外の遠隔地に口分田を与えられた農民的存在であったが，口分田の耕営は不利な条件にあったから，農業生産を離れ，官衙や貴族の家政に関わるもの，東西市の市人をはじめとする商工業に従事するものなども，早くから現れていたと考えられる。また地方からの課役民には諸司厨町（しよしくりやまち）という宿所が用意された。…

【平安京】より

…官司制の衰微と運命をともにしたが，厨町のなかには中世でも官有地とされ，また厨町住人が官司の職掌を通して運輸や商工業の座を形成したことでも留意される存在である。　京中の民政に当たったのが左右の京職で，これにより編戸造籍された住民を京戸といい，京外に口分田を与えられていた。そこでこれを京戸田というが，遠隔地に班給されるものも多く，早くに衰退し，京戸は他に生業をもつことを余儀なくされた。…

※「京戸」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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