One of the major categories of synthetic resins (plastics). The opposite of thermosetting resins. A linear polymer that can be molded by applying heat to make it plastic (often called plastic). When clay is kneaded with water to make the prototype of a ceramic piece, applying strong force makes it flow easily like a liquid, so it can be molded into various shapes. When the force is removed, it retains its shape like a solid. When strong force is applied, it becomes a viscous fluid, but when weak force is applied, it becomes infinitely viscous, i.e., it becomes a solid. This property is called plasticity. A material with plasticity is called a plastic. This word "plastic" is now being used in place of synthetic resin. For example, polyvinyl chloride is close to a hard elastic body as it is. It is called rigid PVC and is used for plastic tiles and drainage pipes. When dioctyl phthalate is added as a plasticizer to this polyvinyl chloride and it is kneaded with a roll, it goes from an elastic body (solid) as shown in (a) in to a shape as shown in (b) as the plasticizer molecules penetrate between the linear polymer chains and weaken the entanglement between the chains. This shape is a plastic body. It exhibits plastic flow when subjected to strong force, so it can be molded. As the amount of plasticizer increases, the polymer chains dissolve in the plasticizer, turning it into a viscous material as shown in (c). To mold rigid PVC without plasticizer, a solid like (a) is heated, and the rise in temperature stimulates molecular motion, weakening the entanglement of the polymer chains and resulting in a plastic structure as shown in (d). In this state, it can be freely molded. If the temperature were raised any further, the polymer chains would break apart and turn into a liquid, but most polymer chains often undergo thermal decomposition before this happens. Polystyrene and polyethylene are molded in this way.[Hiroshi Kakiuchi] [Reference item] | |©Shogakukan "> Model of plasticity expression (Figure) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
合成樹脂(プラスチック)を大別したときの一つ。熱硬化性樹脂に対する語。熱を加えて可塑性(塑性ということが多い)にして、成形できる線状高分子をいう。 粘土を水でこねて陶器の原形をつくる場合に、強い力を加えると液体のように容易に流動するから、いろいろな形に成形できる。力を取り去ると固体のようにその形を保持する。強い力に対して粘性流体であり、弱い力に対して無限大の粘性をもったもの、すなわち固体の性質が現れてくる。このような性質を塑性とよんでいる。塑性をもった物質を可塑物plasticという。このプラスチックということばが合成樹脂のかわりに用いられるようになっている。たとえば、ポリ塩化ビニルはそのままでは硬い弾性体に近い。硬質塩ビとよばれ、プラスチックタイルや排水管などに用いられる。このポリ塩化ビニルに可塑剤としてジオクチルフタレートを添加してロールで練ると、 の(a)の弾性体(固体)から、可塑剤分子が線状高分子鎖の間に入り込んで鎖どうしの絡み合いを弱めて(b)のような形になる。このような形が塑性体である。強い力によって塑性流動を示すので成形が可能となる。可塑剤の量が増加すると、高分子鎖が可塑剤中に溶解し、(c)のような粘性体となる。また、可塑剤の入っていない硬質塩ビを成形するには、(a)のような固体を加熱すると、温度上昇によって分子運動が盛んになり、高分子鎖の絡み合いが弱まって(d)のような塑性体の構造をとる。この状態で自由に成形できる。もっと温度を上げると高分子鎖がばらばらになり液体の形になるはずであるが、多くの高分子鎖はその前に熱分解することが多い。ポリスチレンやポリエチレンなどはこのような方法で成形している。[垣内 弘] [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> 塑性発現のモデル〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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