A structure in the body of a multicellular organism that consists of several types of tissue, performs a certain function, and is morphologically independent. Tissues are further made up of a large number of several types of cells. In the body, the function of a certain organ is often closely related to other organs, and these are collectively called an organ system. For example, the digestive tract from the mouth to the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus, as well as digestive glands such as the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver, are collectively called the digestive system. However, some organs can still function to a certain extent even when separated from the body. Organ culture is an example of this, and the heart removed from the body will continue to beat for a certain period of time. Organs can be transplanted from one individual to another, and even if an organ from a different animal is transplanted with appropriate treatment, it can still function. In the body of a single-cell organism, structures corresponding to each function are often differentiated, but since they are not made up of tissue, they are called cell organelles or organelles to distinguish them. [Seiichiro Kawashima] Animal OrgansThe organ systems commonly found in animals include the nervous, sensory, motor, skeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, reproductive, endocrine, etc. Of these, the organs belonging to the nervous, sensory, and motor systems are considered to be unique to animals and are called animal organs, while the organs related to nutrition, excretion, and reproduction are called plant organs, since they are also found in plants. The nervous system is made up of peripheral nerves that are spread throughout the body, and central nervous systems such as the brain and spinal cord, where nerve cells are concentrated. In contrast to the centralized nervous system, the diffuse nervous system is one in which nerve cells are scattered, as in coelenterates. The sensory system is the organs that receive sensory stimuli, and is classified according to the type of stimuli received and the sensations they produce. These include the organs of touch, the organs of smell and taste that receive chemical stimuli, the organs of balance that produce a sense of position, the organs of hearing and sight, and the proprioceptors that sense stimuli from within the self. The motor system is the organs for movement (hands, feet, wings, fins, etc.) that are moved by muscle contraction, and often works in cooperation with the skeletal system. The skeletal system is the organ that determines the size and shape of an animal's body and serves as the attachment point for muscles. In vertebrates, it is the endoskeleton, and in invertebrates, it is the exoskeleton. The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract, which extends from the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus, and the associated digestive glands, such as the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver. The respiratory system includes the lungs, trachea, gills, and insect trachea. Many animals exchange gases on the surface of their bodies and do not have special respiratory organs. The circulatory system of vertebrates consists of the vascular system (heart and blood vessels) and the lymphatic system (lymphatic ducts, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen), but this distinction does not exist in invertebrates. The excretory system of vertebrates generally consists of various organs such as the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, but the excretory organs of invertebrates show special differentiation, such as the renal ducts, antennal glands, and Malpighian tubules. The reproductive system consists of the testes in males and the ovaries in females, as well as the associated glands and ducts, and the external reproductive organs. The endocrine system is the organ that secretes hormones, and includes tissue derived from nerve cells and epithelial glandular tissue. [Seiichiro Kawashima] Plant OrgansEven though they are multicellular organisms, fungi and algae have little tissue differentiation and almost no organs; these bodies are called thallus, but ferns and seed plants have various tissues differentiated, such as vascular bundles, and their bodies are stem thallus consisting of several organs. Many mosses have clearly differentiated organs, and primitive vascular plants such as linea have almost no organ differentiation, but vascular plants are generally the subject of discussion of organs. The three organs generally recognized in vascular plants are stems, leaves, and roots. Another organ that can be considered is the flower, but flowers are considered to be composite organs made up of multiple organs, the components of which are leaves and stems. Flowers are reproductive organs, while stems, leaves, and roots are collectively called nutritive organs. Roots are long and branching, growing underground and their main functions are to absorb water and attach to the ground, leaves are flat and spread into the air, and photosynthesize using chlorophyll, and stems are rod-shaped and stand above ground, producing leaves and flowers in appropriate positions while also acting as a transport route between the roots and the leaves and flowers. Each organ has a basic shape and function. However, there are cases where the state deviates significantly from the basic state described above, and such a phenomenon is called metamorphosis. The transformation of leaves into scales that cover buds and petals that make up flowers is a phenomenon common to many species and can be called universal metamorphosis, but there are also metamorphoses that are only seen in certain species. Examples include the roots of sweet potatoes storing nutrients and growing into tubers, and the stems of rafts becoming flat, green, and leafy. If the result of metamorphosis is that they look very different from each other, but are essentially the same organ, they are said to be homologous to each other. The tubers of potatoes and the tendrils of passionflowers are both transformed stems, so they are homologous to each other. On the other hand, if they look similar but are the result of the transformation of different organs, they are said to be similar. The thorns of a honey locust that are transformed from a stem and the thorns of a cactus that are transformed from leaves are similar to each other. To determine what has metamorphosed, it is sometimes possible to determine its location, but it is also necessary to mobilize all kinds of knowledge to confirm it, such as examining the internal structure, examining the developmental process, and comparing closely related species. [Fukuda Taiji] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
多細胞生物の体内にあって、何種類かの組織からなり、一定の機能を営み、形態的に独立性のある構造をいう。組織はさらに、何種類かの細胞が多数集まってできている。体内において、ある器官の働きはほかの器官と密接な関連をもって営まれていることが多く、それらをまとめて器官系という。たとえば、口から食道、胃、腸、肛門(こうもん)に至る消化管と、唾液腺(だえきせん)、膵臓(すいぞう)、肝臓などの消化腺をあわせて消化系とよぶ。しかし、器官によっては、体から切り離されてもある程度は本来の機能を発揮することができる。器官培養はその例であり、また、体外に取り出された心臓も一定期間は拍動を続ける。ある個体からほかの個体へ器官を移植しても、また、適当な処置をすれば異種の動物の器官を移植しても、機能を営むことがある。単細胞生物の体内にもそれぞれの機能に応じた構造が分化していることが多いが、組織からなるものではないので細胞小器官または細胞器官とよんで区別する。 [川島誠一郎] 動物の器官動物一般にみられる器官系には、神経、感覚、運動、骨格、消化、呼吸、循環、排出、生殖、内分泌などの諸器官系がある。これらのうち、神経系、感覚系、運動系に属する器官を動物独自のものとして動物性器官、栄養、排出、生殖に関係のある器官は植物にもあるので植物性器官とよんで便宜的に区別することがある。 神経系は、体の隅々にまで張り巡らされた末梢(まっしょう)神経と、神経細胞の集中している脳や脊髄(せきずい)などの中枢神経から成り立っている。集中神経系に対し、腔腸(こうちょう)動物のように神経細胞が散在しているのを散漫神経系という。感覚系は、感覚刺激の受容を行う器官で、受容する刺激と生ずる感覚の種類に従って分ける。それらは、触覚器官、化学的刺激を受容する嗅覚(きゅうかく)器官と味覚器官、位置感覚を生ずる平衡器官、聴覚器官、視覚器官、自己の内部からの刺激を感じる固有受容器などである。運動系は、筋肉の収縮によって動かされる移動のための諸器官(手足、羽、ひれなど)で、骨格系と協同して働くことが多い。骨格系は、動物の体の大きさと形の枠組みを決め、筋肉の付着点となる器官で、脊椎(せきつい)動物では内骨格、無脊椎動物では外骨格が中心となっている。 消化系は、口、食道、胃、腸、肛門に至る消化管と、それに付属する唾液腺、膵臓、肝臓などの消化腺からできている。呼吸系をつくる器官には、肺と気管、えら、昆虫の気管などがある。体表でガス交換を行い、特別の呼吸器官をもたない動物も多い。脊椎動物の循環系は血管系(心臓と血管)とリンパ系(リンパ管、リンパ節、胸腺、脾臓(ひぞう))からなるが、無脊椎動物にはこの区別がない。排出系は、脊椎動物では一般に腎臓(じんぞう)、輸尿管、膀胱(ぼうこう)などの諸器官からなるが、無脊椎動物の排出器官には腎管、触角腺、マルピーギ管など特殊な分化がみられる。生殖系は雄の精巣と雌の卵巣およびこれらに付属する腺と導管、外部生殖器からなる。内分泌系はホルモンを分泌する器官で、神経細胞に由来する組織と上皮性腺組織とがある。 [川島誠一郎] 植物の器官多細胞体であっても菌類や藻類には組織の分化が少なくて器官とよぶべきものはほとんどなく、これらの体は葉状体といわれるが、シダ植物と種子植物には維管束などさまざまな組織が分化しており、体はいくつかの器官からなる茎葉体である。コケ植物のなかには明らかに器官の分化しているものが多いし、リニアなどの原始的な維管束植物にはほとんど器官分化がないが、一般に器官を論じる対象となるのは維管束植物である。 維管束植物の器官としては茎、葉、根の三つを認めるのが普通である。もう一つの器官として花をあげることもできるが、花は複数の器官からなる複合器官であり、その構成要素は葉と茎であると考えられる。花が生殖器官であるのに対して、茎、葉、根は栄養器官と総称される。根は細長く枝分れしながら地中に伸びて吸水と固着をおもな役目とし、葉は扁平(へんぺい)で空中に広がってクロロフィルの働きで光合成を行い、茎は棒状で地上に立って、しかるべき位置に葉や花をつけるとともに、根と葉や花との間の物質輸送路となるなど、各器官には基本的な形と働きがある。しかし、前述の基本的な状態と著しくずれていることもあり、そのような現象を変態という。 葉が変態して芽を覆う鱗片(りんぺん)や、花を構成する花弁などになっているのは多くの種類に共通する現象で、普遍的変態ともいえるが、特定の種類に限ってみられる変態もある。サツマイモの根が養分を貯蔵し肥大していもになり、ナギイカダの茎が扁平で緑色をして葉状になっているなどがその例である。変態の結果、見かけは互いに大きく異なっていても、本質は同一器官である場合、両者は互いに相同であるという。ジャガイモのいもとトケイソウの巻きひげは、どちらも茎の変態したものであるから、この両者は互いに相同である。一方、見かけが似ていても異質の器官の変態したものであれば、相似という。茎が変態したサイカチの刺(とげ)と、葉が変態したサボテンの刺は互いに相似である。何が変態したものであるかを判定するには、その存在する位置からわかることもあるが、内部構造を調べたり、発生の過程を調べたり、近縁種を比較したり、さまざまな知見を総動員して確認する。 [福田泰二] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
…Atomic nuclei were originally thought to be comp...
It is a condensation product of carbonyl compound...
This is one of the methods for collecting cerebro...
1925‐ American journalist. Born in New York State....
...Benjamin Christensen, who made his debut with ...
...A village located 15km east of Yogyakarta in c...
A collection of kyoka from the late Edo period. Wr...
A regional brand of Saitama Prefecture in the Kant...
It means that the structure or order of a society...
The mobilization of underage boys as soldiers was ...
…King of the Thai kingdom of Lannatai. Also calle...
?-? A Noh mask maker from the Nanboku-cho to Muro...
Born: December 11, 1856 in Gudalovka [Died] May 30...
...Scales that include intervals narrower than a ...
Mizuho is an old town in Motosu County, in the sou...