In Buddhism, this word refers to the sacred texts, but originally it meant a warp thread. It is a translation of the Pali word sutta or the Sanskrit word sūtra, and is transliterated as shutara. It is so named because golden words are threaded through it, like making a garland by threading flowers on a thread. It was originally used in Brahmanism, and was adopted by Buddhism. It has various meanings. First of all, it is one of the nine or twelve sub-classes of teachings that classify the teachings of the Buddha and Tathagata according to their literary form and content. The nine sub-classes are sutras, hymns, questions and answers, verses, poems, inspirational verses, words like this, stories of past lives, questions and answers of wisdom, and unprecedented teachings. The twelve sub-classes add three to the nine sub-classes: stories of causation, stories of past lives, and commentaries on chapters and verses. The first of the nine or twelve sub-classes is the sutra, which is the oldest and is compiled in a concise prose form. This is followed by the law, which summarizes the contents of the teachings of the Buddha, and the rules that monks must follow, the vinaya. The second type is a single sacred text called a sutra. They vary in form, content, and length. They are a compilation of the teachings and words and deeds of the Buddha (Shakyamuni), and usually begin with the set phrase "Thus I have heard." They often include the nine-part teachings and twelve-part teachings listed in the first category, and are more developed than these. Thirdly, it refers to one of the so-called Tripitaka of sutras, vinaya, and treatises. In that sense, it is synonymous with sutra repository (kyozo), a collection of scriptures. Originally, it meant agama, or tradition, and was classified into four or five agamas. They are the "Long agama," a collection of long scriptures; the "Middle agama," a collection of medium-length scriptures; the "Miscellaneous agama," a collection of short scriptures; the "Increased agama," a collection of doctrines such as the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path; and the "Miscellaneous agama," a collection of scriptures that were not included in the four agamas. The Pali Tripitaka, which was handed down in South Asia, classifies the whole into five sections (nikāya). That is, (1) the "Long Section" contains 34 sutras, including the "Brahma Net Sutra," "Samanaka Sutra," and "Nirvana Sutra," (2) the "Middle Section" contains 152 sutras, beginning with the "Fundamental Dharma Gyokustra," (3) the "Samyogata Section" is said to contain 2,875 sutras, (4) the "Massaha Section" is said to contain 2,198 sutras, and (5) the "Small Section" contains 15 sutras, including such interesting sutras as the "Dhammapada" and "Honjokyo." Originally, in India, the term "sutra repository" referred to the "Agama Sutra," and although it cannot be assumed that all of them were preached by the Buddha, it is believed that the foundations of Buddhism lie in these sutras. However, the Agama Sutra did not receive due recognition in China or Japan, which accepted Mahayana Buddhism. It was only rediscovered after the Meiji period with the import of European academic knowledge, but despite the efforts of various scholars, it has yet to receive sufficient attention in the Japanese context. Fourthly, sutras are the collective term for Buddhist scriptures. These include famous Mahayana Buddhist scriptures such as the Prajnaparamita Sutra and the Lotus Sutra, as well as commentaries on these texts. The Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō, the most commonly used text today, includes writings by the founders and disciples of various sects in Japan. [Takahashi Tsuyoshi] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
仏教で聖典をさすことばであるが、原義は、経糸(たていと)のことである。パーリ語スッタsuttaまたはサンスクリット語スートラsūtraの訳語で、修多羅(しゅたら)と音写する。花を糸で通して花飾りをつくるように、金言が貫き収められているのでこのようにいわれる。元来は、バラモン教で使われていたのを、仏教でも採用したものである。意味に種々ある。 まず第一に、仏所説、如来(にょらい)所説の法を、文学形式や内容から分類した九分教(くぶきょう)や十二分教の一つ。九分教とは、経、重頌(じゅうじゅ)、問答、詩偈(しげ)、感興偈、如是語(にょぜご)、前生話(ぜんしょうわ)、智慧(ちえ)問答、未曽有法(みぞうほう)の九つであり、十二分教とは、以上の九分教に、因縁(いんねん)物語、過去世(かこぜ)物語、章句注解の三つを加えたものである。九分教、十二分教の最初にあるのが経であり、もっとも古く、簡潔な散文の形にまとめたものである。これに、仏陀(ぶっだ)所説の内容をまとめた法と、比丘(びく)僧が順守すべき規則である律(りつ)とがある。 第二は、単独の一聖典を経という。形式、内容、長短さまざまである。仏陀(釈迦(しゃか))の説法や言行録をまとめたもので、「如是我聞(にょぜがもん)」の決まり文句で始まるのを常とする。第一にあげた九分教や十二分教を含んでいることが多く、これらより発達したものである。 第三に、経・律・論のいわゆる三蔵の一つをさす。その意味では経蔵(きょうぞう)と同義で、経典の集大成のことである。元来は阿含(あごん)すなわち伝承の意で、四阿含または五阿含に分類される。それは、長い経典の集成である「長阿含」、中くらいの長さの経典の集成である「中阿含」、短い経典の集成である「雑(ぞう)阿含」、四諦(したい)や八正道(はっしょうどう)など教理の数によって集成した「増一(ぞういつ)阿含」、およびこれら四阿含に漏れた経典を集成した「雑蔵」を第五阿含とする。南アジアに伝承されたパーリ語の三蔵では、全体を五つの部(ニカーヤnikāya)に分類している。すなわち、(1)「長部」には『梵網経(ぼんもうきょう)』『沙門果経(しゃもんかきょう)』『涅槃経(ねはんぎょう)』など34経を収め、(2)「中部」には『根本法門経』に始まる152経、(3)「相応部」は2875経を収めるといわれ、(4)「増支部」は2198経と数えられている。(5)「小部」は『法句経(ほっくきょう)』『本生経(ほんじょうきょう)』など興味深いものを含む15経が収められている。元来インドにおいて経蔵といえば『阿含経』をさすのであり、もとより全部が仏陀の所説とはみなしえないが、これらのうちに仏教の根本があると考えられる。しかし『阿含経』は、大乗仏教を受け入れた中国や日本では正当な評価を受けることなく、明治以後ヨーロッパの学術の輸入とともに再発見されるに至ったが、諸学者の努力にもかかわらず日本の風土にあってはなお十分な注目をかちえるに至っていない。 第四に、仏教聖典を総称して経という。このなかには『般若経(はんにゃきょう)』や『法華経(ほけきょう)』など著名な大乗仏典のほかに、これらに対する注釈類をも含めて経とよんでいる。今日もっともよく用いられる『大正新修大蔵経』には、わが国の各宗の祖師や弟子たちの著作も収集されている。 [高橋 壯] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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