98 generation - 98th generation

Japanese: 98年世代 - きゅうじゅうはちねんせだい
98 generation - 98th generation

...Spanish thinker and writer. Born into a Basque family in the northeastern industrial city of Bilbao, he became a professor of Greek at the University of Salamanca in 1891 and a leader of the Generation of '98, which aimed to bring about a spiritual revolution in Spain. He developed a theory of Spain centered on Castile. In particular, his work On Nativism, published in 1895, had a major influence on subsequent studies of Spain, along with Ganibet's The Spanish Idea (1897). He started out with a Spencerian view of scientific universalism, but after experiencing the religious crisis of 1897 and the defeat in the Spanish-American War the following year, his thought inclined more and more toward an existential one filled with religious anguish.

From Spain

...However, faced with public opinion, the military, and localists who demanded responsibility for the defeat, the government was helpless and remained silent. In contrast to the government's stance, a group of thinkers, novelists, and artists collectively known as the "Generation of '98" further deepened the issues raised by the "Social Reform Association" and sought ways to reform it.
[Silver Age]
In stark contrast to the political, economic and social turmoil, Spain has achieved brilliant results in the cultural sphere, including through the "Generation of '98."

From [Spanish Literature]

...Towards the end of the 19th century, French naturalism was introduced, and E. Pardo Bassán, Clarín (1852-1901), V. Blasco Ibáñez and others produced excellent works.
[From the '98 generation to the '27 generation]
When Spain lost its last colony in the Spanish-American War in 1898, writers who felt the backwardness of Spain and sought the future in anguish were called the "Generation of '98." The central figures were M. de Unamuno, who discussed the conflict between reason and faith in "The Tragic Feeling of Life" and extended it to the relationship between Europe and Spain, Azorín, who explored the soul of Spain through a reevaluation of classical literature, P. Barroja, who is considered one of the most accomplished novelists in the history of Spanish literature, and Antonio Machado, who explored the true nature of Spain (and its people) through the contemplation of the desolate Castilian landscape in his collection of poems, "Castilian Fields." In contrast to the "Generation of '98," which was generally based on pessimism and tried to discover the true Spain, the intellectuals who tried to follow European ideas are called the "second generation" of the 20th century.

*Some of the terminology used to refer to the "1998 Generation" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…スペインの思想家,作家。北東部の工業都市ビルバオのバスク系家庭に生まれたが,1891年以降,サラマンカ大学ギリシア語教授として,またスペインの精神革命を志す〈98年の世代〉の指導者として,カスティリャを中核とするスペイン論を展開した。とくに95年に発表した《生粋主義をめぐって》は,ガニベトの《スペインの理念》(1897)とともに,以後のスペイン論に多大の影響を与えた。初めスペンサー流の科学万能主義から出発したが,97年の宗教的な危機の体験,翌年の米西戦争の敗北などを機会に,彼の思想は宗教的苦悩に満ちた実存的なそれへの傾斜を深めていく。…

【スペイン】より

…しかし,敗北の責任を求める世論,あるいは軍部,地方主義者を前にして,政府はなす術もなく沈黙してしまった。政府の姿勢とは対照的に,〈社会改革協会〉の問題提起をよりいっそう深めて刷新の道を模索したのが,一般に〈98年世代〉と総称される一群の思想家,小説家,芸術家である。
[白銀時代]
 ところで,政治・経済・社会の混乱とはまったく逆に,〈98年世代〉を含む文化面でスペインは輝かしい成果をあげた。…

【スペイン文学】より

…なお19世紀も末になるとフランスの自然主義が移入され,E.パルド・バサン,クラリンClarín(1852‐1901),V.ブラスコ・イバーニェスらがすぐれた作品を残した。
【〈98年世代〉から〈27年世代〉へ】
 1898年の米西戦争の敗北で祖国が最後の植民地を失ったとき,スペインの後進性を痛感し,苦悩のうちに未来を模索した作家たちを〈98年世代〉と呼ぶが,その中心となったのは《生の悲劇的感情》で理性と信仰の葛藤を論じ,それをヨーロッパとスペインとの関係にまで広げたM.deウナムノ,古典文学の再評価を通してスペインの魂を探求したアソリン,スペイン文学史上最も完成された小説家のひとりに数えられるP.バローハ,詩集《カスティリャの野》で,荒涼としたカスティリャの風景の観照を通してスペイン(人)の本質をさぐったアントニオ・マチャードらである。概してペシミズムを基調とし,真のスペインを発見しようとした〈98年世代〉に対し,ヨーロッパの思想に沿おうとした知識人たちを20世紀の〈第2の世代〉と呼ぶ。…

※「98年世代」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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