...However, when an oasis developed and produced a surplus or a shortage of some product, trade was conducted between the oases and other oases, and a trading area was formed connecting several oases. These trading areas were in turn connected to other trading areas by transportation routes (caravan routes, commonly called the Silk Road) that connected the oases, and since ancient times, caravans have used these transportation routes for transit trade. For this reason, some view the oasis cities of Central Asia as being solely caravan bases, post towns, or commercial cities, but in reality, the economies of oases cities should be considered to have been supported by three elements: agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce. From 【Water Transport】…The Mediterranean shipping, which connected Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, and Sicily, thus came to function as an international transportation and trade artery linking the Eastern and Western Islamic worlds. It also became organically connected to the caravan routes that passed through Sicily and Tunisia and led to Western Europe, Andalus, the far-western Maghreb region, and the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. At the end of the 11th century, with the start of the Crusades, Italian city-states such as Genoa, Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi rapidly increased the size of their ships and the number of ships they owned, in an effort to monopolize Mediterranean shipping. … *Some of the terms mentioned in "Caravan Route" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…しかしオアシスが発展して余剰生産物が得られたり,またなんらかの生産物に不足が生じると他のオアシスとの間に交易が行われ,そこにいくつかのオアシスを結ぶ一つの交易圏が形成された。これらの交易圏は,さらに他の交易圏ともオアシスを結ぶ交通路(キャラバン・ルート,一般にシルクロードと呼ぶ)によって結ばれ,古来この交通路を利用して隊商による中継貿易が行われた。このため中央アジアのオアシス都市をもっぱら隊商基地,宿場町,商業都市などと規定する見方も行われているが,現実のオアシス都市の経済は,農業・手工業・商業の3者によって支えられていたと考えるべきであろう。… 【水運】より…こうしてシリア,エジプト,チュニジア,シチリアを結ぶ地中海の海運は,東・西イスラム世界を結びつける国際的な交通運輸と貿易上の幹線として機能するようになった。さらにシチリアとチュニジアを経由して西ヨーロッパ世界,アンダルス,極西マグリブ地方やサハラ砂漠の南縁に通じるキャラバン・ルートとも有機的に連続した。11世紀末,十字軍運動の開始とともに,ジェノバ,ベネチア,ピサ,アマルフィなどのイタリアの都市国家は,船の大型化と船舶保有数を急激に拡大して,地中海の海運を独占しようと努めた。… ※「キャラバンルート」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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