A physical quantity that is considered independent of one another according to the rules of a certain quantity system, such as length and time. The units of base quantities are called base units. The International System of Units (SI) has seven base quantities: length (meter, symbol m), mass (kilogram, symbol kg), time (second, symbol s), temperature (Kelvin, symbol K), electric current (ampere, symbol A), amount of substance (mol, symbol mol), and luminous intensity (candela, symbol cd). The International Vocabulary of Metrology ( VIM , ISO/IEC Guide 99 : 2007 ) defines a base quantity as "a subset of quantities selected by convention from a certain quantity system, which quantities cannot be expressed in terms of the other quantities in the subset." The subsets in this definition are called "sets of fundamental quantities." In addition, because fundamental quantities cannot be expressed as products of powers of other fundamental quantities, they are considered to be mutually independent. On the other hand, in a quantity system, a quantity defined by the base quantities of that system is called a derived quantity. A derived quantity is constructed by multiplication and division of base quantities. For example, in a quantity system with the base quantities of length and mass, mass density is a derived quantity defined as the quotient of mass and volume (cubed length), i.e., [mass density = mass ÷ (length) 3 ]. [Hidetaka Imai] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
長さや時間など、ある量体系のなかでのルールにより、互いに独立であるとみなされる物理量をいう。基本量の単位は基本単位とよぶ。国際単位系(SI)では、七つの基本量として、長さ(単位はメートル、記号m)、質量(単位はキログラム、記号kg)、時間(単位は秒、記号s)、温度(単位はケルビン、記号K)、電流(単位はアンペア、記号A)、物質量(単位はモル、記号mol)、および光度(単位はカンデラ、記号cd)を採用している。 基本量は、国際計量計測用語(VIM:International vocabulary of metrology, ISO/IEC Guide 99 : 2007)では、「ある量体系から条約によって選ばれた一部の量が成す部分集合であり、その部分集合内の量は、その部分集合内のその他の量では表現できないもの」と定義されている。 この定義でいう部分集合を「基本量の集合」という。また、基本量は他の基本量の累乗(べき乗)の積として表現することができないので、互いに独立であるものとみなす。 一方、ある量体系のなかで、その体系の基本量によって定義される量を組立量(derived quantity)という。組立量は、基本量間の乗除により構成される。たとえば、基本量の長さおよび質量をもつ量体系では、質量密度は質量と体積(長さの3乗)との商と定義される組立量であり、[質量密度=質量÷(長さ)3]となる。 [今井秀孝] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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