Basic pension - Kisonenkin

Japanese: 基礎年金 - きそねんきん
Basic pension - Kisonenkin

The first-tier pension system in a two-tiered public pension system, it is a fixed amount that is paid uniformly to all citizens. There are two types of basic pension: social insurance and tax (also called social assistance). The social insurance system is mainly funded by social insurance premiums, and pensions are paid on the condition of a certain period of contributions. Japan and the UK have adopted this system. On the other hand, the tax system is funded by taxes, and pensions are paid on the condition of a certain period of residence. Denmark and Canada have adopted this system. The basic pension is based on the principle of universalism, which is to pay pensions equally to all. However, in reality, the social insurance system has the problem that if there is a period of unpaid premiums, there is no pension or the pension is reduced. In addition, the tax system also introduces income restrictions, and some or all of the pension amount may be suspended depending on the income. The second-tier pension is common to all countries, and is paid according to the period of contributions to insurance premiums and the salary during employment through the social insurance system's salary-proportional pension.

Japan's basic pension was introduced in April 1986 as a result of the public pension system reform in 1985. Until then, the systems were vertically divided into Employees' Pension Insurance for private company workers, Mutual Aid Pension for civil servants, and National Pension for self-employed workers, resulting in an imbalance in benefits and burdens between the systems. The reform expanded the scope of application of the National Pension to employees and their wives (previously voluntary), and developed the National Pension into a system that provides basic pensions common to all citizens (basic pensions for old age pension, disability pension, and survivor pension). This resulted in the unification of the first floor (equalization of benefits and burdens), and the Employees' Pension Insurance and Mutual Aid Pension were reorganized as a second floor pension system that is added to the basic pension. Funds for the basic pension are covered by the insurance premiums paid by each system according to the number of insured persons (insurance premium payers for Type 1 insured persons, and those aged 20 to 60 for Type 2 insured persons) and by the national treasury. The national treasury's share of this was initially one-third, but was gradually increased following the amendment in 2004, and has been one-half since fiscal 2009.

[Yasuhiko Yamazaki July 19, 2016]

"New Pension Law - Commentary and Materials on the 61st Pension Reform" edited by Yoshihara Kenji (1987, National Federation of Social Insurance Associations)""Pension Systems for the New Century - The Trajectory of the 2000 Pension Reform" edited by Yano Asami (2001, Social Insurance Research Institute)""Income Security Law" edited by the Japan Social Security Law Association (2001, Horitsu Bunkasha)" ▽ "Japan Social Security Law Association edited , "Public Pension System in Japan - Its Origins and Progress" (2004, Chuohoki Publishing)""New Lecture Series on Social Security Law 1: Future Medical Care and Pensions" (2012, Horitsu Bunkasha)""Illustrated Pension System, 6th Edition, edited by Mizuho Research Institute (2015, Toyo Keizai Inc.)""National Pension Law Overview, April 2016 Edition" (2016, Social Insurance Research Institute)""Social Insurance Guide", "Pension Guide", "National Pension Handbook" Annual Editions (Social Insurance Research Institute)

[Reference items] | Survivor's pension | Employee's pension insurance | National pension | Disability pension | Pension insurance system | Old-age pension

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

二階建ての公的年金制度における一階部分の年金制度であって、定額で一律に支給される全国民共通の年金をいう。基礎年金には、社会保険方式と税方式(社会扶助方式ともいう)がある。社会保険方式は、社会保険料を主要財源として、一定期間の拠出を要件として年金を支給するもので、日本やイギリスが採用している。一方、税方式は、租税を財源として、一定期間の居住を要件として年金を支給するもので、デンマークやカナダなどが採用している。基礎年金は、一律平等に年金を支給するという普遍主義を基本理念としている。しかし、実際には、社会保険方式では、保険料未納期間がある場合には無年金になるとか年金が減額されるという問題がある。また税方式でも、所得制限が導入され、所得に応じて年金額の一部または全部が支給停止されることがある。なお、二階部分の年金は各国共通で、社会保険方式の報酬比例年金により、保険料拠出期間や在職時の報酬に応じて支給される。

 日本の基礎年金は、1985年(昭和60)の公的年金制度改正により1986年4月から導入された。それまでは、民間企業労働者の厚生年金保険、公務員などの共済年金、自営業者などの国民年金というように縦割りに分立していたため、制度間で給付と負担の不均衡があった。改正では、国民年金の適用対象を被用者と被用者の妻(従来は任意加入)に拡大し、国民年金を全国民共通の基礎年金(老齢年金、障害年金、遺族年金の各基礎年金)を支給する制度に発展させた。これにより、一階部分の一元化(給付と負担の公平化)が実現するとともに、厚生年金保険と共済年金は基礎年金に上乗せする二階部分の年金制度として再編成された。基礎年金の財源は、各制度が被保険者数(第1号被保険者については保険料納付者、第2号被保険者については20歳以上60歳未満)に応じて負担する保険料負担と国庫負担によってまかなわれる。このうち国庫負担の割合は、当初は3分の1であったが、2004年(平成16)の改正により段階的に引き上げられ、2009年度以降2分の1となっている。

[山崎泰彦 2016年7月19日]

『吉原健二編著『新年金法――61年金改革 解説と資料』(1987・全国社会保険協会連合会)』『矢野朝水編著『新世紀の年金制度――2000年年金改正の軌跡』(2001・社会保険研究所)』『日本社会保障法学会編『所得保障法』(2001・法律文化社)』『吉原健二著『わが国の公的年金制度――その生い立ちと歩み』(2004・中央法規出版)』『日本社会保障法学会編『新・講座社会保障法1 これからの医療と年金』(2012・法律文化社)』『みずほ総合研究所編著『図解 年金のしくみ』第6版(2015・東洋経済新報社)』『『国民年金法総覧 平成28年4月版』(2016・社会保険研究所)』『『社会保険のてびき』『年金のてびき』『国民年金ハンドブック』各年版(社会保険研究所)』

[参照項目] | 遺族年金 | 厚生年金保険 | 国民年金 | 障害年金 | 年金保険制度 | 老齢年金

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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