This refers to animals that have migrated from their original habitat to an area where they have not yet been distributed, where they have reproduced naturally and gradually become established there. Originally, all animals have gradually expanded their distribution range from their original habitat as far as environmental conditions permitted over the long course of evolution, but this refers to new expansions and establishment of distribution that have occurred relatively recently, mainly under human influence, and is limited to cases where this process has been scientifically recorded or estimated. The process of naturalized animals involves two stages: invasion of a new land and establishment there. The first type of invasion is when an animal is carried to a distant area on a vehicle or cargo when people move. Around the 1880s, the apple aphid, the Iserija scale, and the Yanon scale invaded Japan and became major pests in orchards. In contrast, the Japanese beetle, which invaded North America from Japan in 1911, multiplied explosively, mainly in New Jersey, and 30 years later the area of damage caused by this pest exceeded 50,000 square kilometers. Today, a quarantine system is in place to prepare for such unexpected invaders, but in recent years, the mass transportation of people and cargo has become increasingly frequent, and the opportunities for invasion are steadily increasing. The second type of invasion is when people attempt to introduce animals for various purposes. Animals that were introduced and cultivated for food include the Japanese bullfrog (edible frog), the freshwater fish Kamuruchi (snakehead fish), and the bluegill, which later escaped into the wild and expanded their distribution in Japan. The American crayfish, which has now established itself throughout Japan except Hokkaido, was originally introduced as food for bullfrog farming. The Korean weasel and nutria were also introduced to Japan as fur animals and later became naturalized animals. The small freshwater fish Mosquitofish, which was introduced with the hope of eradicating mosquito larvae and purifying water, the Japanese bush warbler, which was introduced as a hunting target, and the mongoose, which was brought in to be a natural enemy of the Okinawan snake, all have in common the fact that they were directly released into the Japanese wild and established there. Even though they are the same introduced animals, animals kept in zoos or farms are not called naturalized animals, but it is known that sometimes escape into the wild and naturalize. There have been cases where goats and pigs released into the Hawaiian Islands by Captain Cook, who circumnavigated the world in the 18th century, were later found to have become feral, and in Japan, goats released by the US military into the Ogasawara Islands after World War II became feral, although on a smaller scale. In addition, in Japan, the variety of pet animals has become increasingly diverse, and there are concerns that future escapes may result in the creation of new naturalized animals. As mentioned above, modern times provide animals with various opportunities to invade new territories. However, not all animals that successfully invade become naturalized animals. Only those that obtain the key to settling in a new territories can do so. One of the keys to settling is whether the climate and other environmental conditions of the new territories are suitable for the invaders. Small tropical animals and insects that often invade Japan from Southeast Asia hiding in wood and other materials cannot survive Japan's winters. Grass carp, which was introduced from China as a food fish, can only breed in large rivers due to its spawning habits, and in Japan, natural breeding is only seen in the Tone River system. The second key lies in the characteristics of the biological community of the new territories. If the invaded new territories have no strong predators, parasites, or competitors and are rich in organisms that can serve as food, naturalization will be successful. On the other hand, the introduction of naturalized animals can significantly change the structure and function of native biological communities. Careful consideration must be taken when attempting to reintroduce animals. [Tetsuo Sunaga] "The Ecology of Invasion, by C.S. Elton, translated by Hiroya Kawanabe et al. (1971, Shisosha) " ▽ "Freshwater Organisms of Japan: The Ecology of Invasion and Disturbance, eds. by Yoshitsugu Kawai, Hiroya Kawanabe and Nobuhiko Mizuno (1980, Tokai University Press)" ▽ "What Determines the Number of Animals?" by Yoshiaki Ito and Keiji Kiritani (NHK Books)" ▽ "The Ecology of Naturalized Animals, by Kazuki Miyashita (Kodansha, Bluebacks)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
本来の生息地から未分布の地域へ移り、そこで自然繁殖してしだいに定着した動物をいう。もともとすべての動物は、長い進化の過程において、原産地から徐々に分布範囲を環境条件の許す限り拡大してきたのであるが、ここでいう分布の新たな拡大と定着は、比較的近年に、主として人為の影響下におこった場合をいい、しかもその過程が科学的に記録され、あるいは推定されている場合に限られる。 帰化動物の生ずる過程には、新天地への侵入と、そこへの定着の2段階がある。侵入の第一の形式は、人々の移動に際し乗り物や貨物に紛れ込んで遠隔地へ運ばれる場合である。1880年代前後日本に侵入のリンゴワタムシ、イセリヤカイガラムシ、ヤノネカイガラムシなどは果樹園の大害虫となった。これとは逆に、日本から1911年に北アメリカへ侵入したマメコガネはニュー・ジャージー州を中心として爆発的な繁殖をおこし、この害虫による被害面積は30年後には5万平方キロメートルを突破してしまった。こうした不時の侵入者に備えて今日では検疫制度が設けられているが、近年は人々や貨物の大量輸送がますます頻繁となり、侵入の機会は増加の一途をたどっている。 侵入の第二の形式は、人々がさまざまな目的で動物の移入を企てた場合である。食用として移入し養殖された動物にウシガエル(食用ガエル)、淡水魚のカムルチー(雷魚)やブルーギルがあるが、これらはのちに自然界へ逸出して日本での分布域を拡大していった。北海道を除く全国各地に定着したアメリカザリガニも、当初はウシガエル養殖の餌(え)動物として移入されたものである。また、毛皮獣として日本へ移入されたチョウセンイタチやヌートリアものちに帰化動物となった。ボウフラの駆除と水質浄化の期待を担った小形淡水魚のカダヤシや、狩猟の対象として移入されたキジ科のコジュケイ、沖縄のハブの天敵とするため持ち込まれたマングースなどは、直接に日本の自然界に放たれ定着が図られた点で共通している。 同じ移入動物でも、動物園や牧場などに飼養されている動物は帰化動物とはよばないが、ときとして自然界への逸出がおこると帰化がおこりうることも知られている。18世紀に世界を周航したキャプテン・クックらによってハワイ諸島に放たれた家畜のヤギやブタなどが、のちに野生化した状態で発見された例や、小規模ではあるが、日本でも小笠原(おがさわら)諸島に第二次世界大戦後アメリカ軍が放したヤギが野生化している。また近年は日本でも愛玩(あいがん)動物の種類が多岐に及んでおり、今後における逸出により新顔の帰化動物が生み出される可能性も懸念される。 前述のように、現代は、動物たちにさまざまな方式で新天地への侵入の機会を提供している。しかし、侵入に成功した動物のすべてが帰化動物となるわけではなく、このうちから新天地への定着の鍵(かぎ)を得たものだけが帰化動物となりうるのである。定着の鍵の一つは、新天地の気候など環境条件が侵入者の生活に適しているか否かということである。しばしば東南アジア方面から木材などに潜んで日本に侵入する熱帯性の小動物や昆虫は、日本の冬に耐えられない。中国から食用魚として移入されたソウギョは、その産卵習性から大河でしか繁殖できず、日本ではわずかに利根川(とねがわ)水系にのみ自然繁殖がみられる。二つ目の鍵は、新天地の生物群集の特性にある。侵入した新天地に強力な捕食者、寄生者、競争者がなく食物となる生物が豊かであれば、帰化は成功裏に終わるのである。一方、在来の生物群集が帰化動物の加入によって、大きくその構造や機能を変えられることがある。動物の帰化を企てる際には慎重な配慮が必要である。 [須永哲雄] 『C・S・エルトン著、川那部浩哉他訳『侵略の生態学』(1971・思索社)』▽『川合禎次・川那部浩哉・水野信彦編『日本の淡水生物――侵略と攪乱の生態学』(1980・東海大学出版会)』▽『伊藤嘉昭・桐谷圭治著『動物の数は何できまるか』(NHKブックス)』▽『宮下和喜著『帰化動物の生態学』(講談社・ブルーバックス)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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