Gothic - Gotogo

Japanese: ゴート語 - ごーとご
Gothic - Gotogo

The language of the Goths, who were dominant during the Great Migration of the Germanic peoples. It belongs to the East Germanic language family of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. A large portion of the Bible, translated from Greek by the Visigothic bishop Ulfila in the mid-4th century, remains, including the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul, and is the only document that shows the structure of the Gothic language in a coherent form. It is also the oldest long-form document in all of the Germanic languages, and is considered an extremely valuable document in comparative linguistics. A few Gothic proper nouns and some fragmentary documents have been passed down, but the language became obsolete with the disappearance of the Eastern and Western Gothic kingdoms. However, a small number of Goths survived in the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine until the 16th century, so there are a few records of the language (about 60 words).

Ulfila devised a 27-letter alphabet for his translation of the Bible, mainly using Greek characters with a small amount of Latin and runic characters. Manuscripts of the Gothic Bible dating from the 5th and 6th centuries remain, but the most famous is the Codex Argentius, kept at Uppsala University in Sweden. Gothic noun, pronoun, verb, and other inflections are more complex than those of later Germanic documents (such as 8th century Old English and German), but the tenses and sentence structures are simple. In terms of its relationship with other Germanic languages, Gothic shares many grammatical similarities with North Germanic languages.

[Ryo Shionoya]

"Takahashi Terukazu, Introduction to Gothic Grammar" (1982, Chronos)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ゲルマン民族大移動期に勢威を示したゴート人の言語。インド・ヨーロッパ語族ゲルマン語派の東ゲルマン語に属する。4世紀なかばに西ゴート人の司教ウルフィラがギリシア語から翻訳した聖書は、「福音(ふくいん)書」や「パウロ書簡」などのかなりの部分が残っていて、ゴート語の構造をまとまった形で表す唯一の資料となっている。これはさらにゲルマン語全体を通じての最古の長文資料であるから、比較言語学上きわめて貴重な文献と評価されている。そのほかゴート語の少数の固有名詞や若干の断片的な文献が伝えられているが、東西のゴート王国の消滅によってこの言語も死語になった。ただし、ウクライナのクリミア半島には、16世紀まで少数のゴート人が生存していたので、言語に関してわずかの記録がある(約60語)。

 ウルフィラは、聖書翻訳にあたって、27文字を考案したが、ギリシア文字を主とし、ラテン文字とルーン文字を少数利用している。ゴート語聖書の写本は5~6世紀のものが残存しているが、「銀字本」(コーデックス・アルゲンティウスCodex Argentius)とよばれるものがもっとも有名で、スウェーデンのウプサラ大学に保管されている。ゴート語の名詞、代名詞、動詞などの変化語尾は、のちに現れたゲルマン諸語の文献(8世紀の古代英語、ドイツ語など)に比べて複雑であるが、時制や文の構造などは簡単である。また他のゲルマン語との関係では、北ゲルマン語と文法上の共通点がかなりみいだされる。

[塩谷 饒]

『高橋輝和著『ゴート語文法入門』(1982・クロノス)』

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