Published book - Kanpon

Japanese: 刊本 - かんぽん
Published book - Kanpon

In contrast to handwritten manuscripts, this broadly refers to books that were printed and published before the modern era. They are also called block copies, engraved copies, printed copies, and printed copies. They can be divided into printed and typeset books based on the printing method. A printed copy is a book printed by carving pictures and letters into a single woodblock, while a typeset book is a book printed using wooden type carved into each individual character, or cast metal type. The distinctive features of printed and typeset books are that with printed copies, the woodblocks can be preserved for decades or even centuries, allowing printing to continue into the future, but only one type can be printed per plate. With typeset books, the number of copies printed is smaller than with printed copies, but it is possible to print many different types of books by rearranging the type many times.

Both printed and typeset books have been produced in Japan, China and Korea since ancient times. However, printed books were the mainstream in China, and printed books were also produced in Japan, except for the period of old typeset books that lasted for about 50 years from 1593 (2nd year of Bunroku). Typeset books in Japan were mainly printed using wood type, but the "Daizo Iryoushu" (Collection of the Treasury Books), published by Tokugawa Ieyasu in Suruga, is famous for being printed using copper type. Typeset books were popular in Korea, and during the Yi Dynasty, the types of type were extremely diverse, including iron, wood, ceramic, and copper. Influenced by China, printing using typeset books was also carried out in the West in the first half of the 15th century. The oldest surviving work is the "Madonna and Child" printed in 1418, followed by "Saint Christophe" printed in 1423. However, after Gutenberg invented movable type printing in the mid-15th century, movable type became the mainstream method of printing.

There are many theories about the origin of printed books, but documents suggest that they can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, around 677 (Yifeng 2), i.e., the second half of the 7th century. The oldest surviving printed work in the world with a clear publication date is known to be Japan's "Hyakumanto Dharani," printed between 764 (Tenpyo Hoji 8) and 770 (Jingo Keiun 4), but it is said that the "Mukujokou Daidharani Sutra" (The Great Dharani Sutra of Pure Light), discovered in the Shaka Pagoda of Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju, South Korea, was published before 751 (Silla Gyeondeok 10). However, this remains to be explored in the future.

[Kazumasa Kaneko]

"On the Origin of Printing in China" (included in the Complete Works of Kiichiro Kanda, Volume 2, 1983, Dohosha Publishing)

"One Million Towers Dharani"
"Jishin-in Dharani" Published in 770 (Jingo Keiun 4) Owned by the National Diet Library

"One Million Towers Dharani"


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

筆で書いた写本に対し、広く近代以前に印刷刊行された書物をいう。版本、刻本(こくほん)、印本(いんぽん)、摺本(すりほん)などともいう。印刷の方法により整版本と活字本に分けられる。整版本は、1枚の版木に絵や文字を彫って印刷した書物、活字本は、1字ずつ彫った木製活字、または鋳造した金属活字を組んで印刷した書物をいう。整版本と活字本のそれぞれの特色とするところは、整版本の場合、版木は何十年、何百年と保存ができ、のちのちまで印刷が可能であるが、1版に1種しか印刷できない。活字本の場合は、印刷部数については整版より劣るが、活字を何度も組み替えて多種類の書物の印刷が可能であるということであろう。

 わが国はもちろん、中国や朝鮮においても古くから整版本と活字本ともに行われてきた。しかし、中国における印刷の主流は整版本であり、わが国においても1593年(文禄2)から約50年間の古活字版時代を除いては整版本であった。なお、わが国の活字本は主として木活字による印刷であったが、徳川家康が駿河(するが)で出版させた『大蔵(だいぞう)一覧集』などは銅活字によるものとして有名である。活字本が盛んに行われたのは朝鮮で、李朝(りちょう)時代には活字の種類も鉄・木・陶・銅など甚だ多様であった。西洋においても中国の影響を受けて15世紀前半に整版による印刷が行われた。現存最古のものとしては1418年印刷の『聖母子像』、ついで1423年の『聖クリストフ』が有名である。しかし、15世紀中葉にグーテンベルクの活字印刷術が発明されてからは、活字本が印刷の主流となった。

 刊本の起源については諸説があって定まらないが、文献のうえでは唐の時代、677年(儀鳳2)前後、すなわち7世紀後半までさかのぼることができる。刊行年代の明らかな世界最古の現存印刷物としては、764年(天平宝字8)から770年(神護景雲4)の間に印刷されたわが国の『百万塔陀羅尼(ひゃくまんとうだらに)』が知られているが、近年、韓国慶州の仏国寺釈迦(しゃか)塔から発見された『無垢浄光(むくじょうこう)大陀羅尼経』は、751年(新羅景徳10)以前の刊行との説がある。しかし、これについてはなお今後の研究課題とすべきであろう。

[金子和正]

『「中国における印刷術の起源について」(『神田喜一郎全集 第2巻』所収・1983・同朋舎出版)』

『百万塔陀羅尼』
「自心印陀羅尼」 770年(神護景雲4)刊国立国会図書館所蔵">

『百万塔陀羅尼』


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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