In the Japanese Standard Commodity Classification, it is a baked confectionery, a type of biscuit. Yeast is added to part of the wheat flour to make a dough, which is left to ferment for a long time, and then the remaining flour is added to make the dough, which is left to ferment for a short time, shaped with a cutter, and then risen and roasted in a high-temperature, high-humidity oven. In the 4th Edition of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, dry bread is classified as a bread, and the dough contains 6.8% sugar, 1.7% shortening, and 1.4% sesame. It is a durable portable food, preserved food, and emergency food. Hardtack was originally a portable military ration, and was adopted by the Navy as "menryo" in 1872 (Meiji 5). In 1898, the Army dispatched Engineer Fukuoka to Europe to investigate military bread, and created "jusho menpo" (heavy bread) modeled on the hardtack of Austria, which had a superior military system at the time. For the Russo-Japanese War, they created Type A, which was fermented with brewer's yeast, and Type B, which used baking soda as a leavening agent, and added rice flour to both to make them more similar to Japanese food. In the early Showa period, the Army Rural Arsenal compared military breads of various countries based on a League of Nations report, and correlated the shape of the bread with the strength of the military, concluding that the Italian bread of the weaker army was large, while the German bread of the stronger army was the smallest. Therefore, this smaller size was adopted, with a standard size of 33 mm in length, 18 mm in width, and a weight of 3 grams per piece, and it was decided that 'heavy baked bread' was similar to 'severe illness' and the name was changed to 'dat bread'. [Masazo Akutsu] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本標準商品分類では菓子類のなかの焼き菓子であって、ビスケット類の一種である。小麦粉の一部にイーストを加えて仲種(なかだね)とし、長時間発酵させたのち、残りの粉を入れて本捏生地(ほんこねきじ)に仕込み、さらに短時間発酵させ、カッターで成型したのち、温度、湿度の高い焙炉(ほいろ)にて膨らませ焙焼(ばいしょう)する。四訂日本食品標準成分表では乾パンをパン類に入れ、本捏生地に砂糖6.8%、ショートニング1.7%、ゴマ1.4%が配合されている。耐久性に富む携帯食、保存食、非常食である。 もともと乾パンは軍隊の携帯口糧であり、海軍は1872年(明治5)に「麺糧(めんりょう)」として採用、陸軍は98年に福岡技師をヨーロッパに派遣して軍用パンを調査させ、軍制の優れていた当時のオーストリアの乾パンをモデルとして「重焼麺麭(じゅうしょうめんぽう)」をつくった。日露戦争には、ビール酵母発酵の甲号と、重曹ふくらし粉の乙号をつくったが、いずれにも米粉を加えたのは日本食に近づけるためであった。昭和の初め、国際連盟の報告による各国の軍用パンを比較した陸軍糧秣本廠(りょうまつほんしょう)は、このパンの形状と戦力の強弱を関連づけ、弱い軍隊のイタリアのパンは大形、強い軍隊のドイツのは最小形という結論を出した。それでこの小形を採用して、縦33ミリメートル、横18ミリメートル、1個の重さ3グラムを標準とし、「重焼麺麭」は「重症」に通ずるとし「乾パン」に改めた。 [阿久津正蔵] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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