Kanden

(1) The fields provided for the Emperor under the Ritsuryo system. In the Taiho Code, they were called "mita" (farm fields), and were related to the Yamato no Mutsu no Agata (six prefectures of Yamato) and mitsens (miyake) of the pre-Taika period. They were 100 cho in total, and were scattered throughout the provinces of Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi, and Yamashiro. They were managed by the Imperial Household Ministry, and the various offices under the Ministry were sent as "denshi" (field envoys) on a yearly rotation to manage the fields. One ox was assigned for every two cho, and the cultivation method was direct management, using miscellaneous labor collected through the kokushi, and collecting all the harvest except for the cultivation fee.

(2) In 879 (Gangyo 3), 4,000 cho of good-quality fields were set aside from the five provinces of Kinai to provide financial resources for the government officials whose salaries were in financial difficulty. Direct management and leasing of land were used in combination. Later, most of the Gangyo government fields were turned into Shoshiden fields and formed Kanga territories.

[Koichi Murayama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

(1)律令(りつりょう)制下における天皇の供御田(くごでん)。大宝(たいほう)令では屯田(みた)といい、大化前代の大和六県(やまとのむつのあがた)や屯田（屯倉(みやけ)）に系譜的につながる。合計100町で、大和、摂津、河内(かわち)、山背(やましろ)の諸国に散在した。宮内省が管理し、同省所管諸司の雑任(ぞうにん)（伴部(ともべ)、使部(つかいべ)など）が1年交代で田使(でんし)として派遣され、その経営にあたった。2町ごとに耕牛1頭をあて、耕営の方式は、国司を通じて徴発した雑徭(ぞうよう)を用い、営種料を除いた全収穫物を収納するという直接経営であった。

(2)879年（元慶3）、支給困難に陥った官人の俸禄(ほうろく)の財源にあてるために、五畿内(ごきない)諸国の良田4000町を割きとって設定したもの。直営方式と土地を貸して代価を得る賃租(ちんそ)経営方式とを併用した。その後、元慶(がんぎょう)官田の大部分は諸司田化し、官衙(かんが)領を形成した。

［村山光一］

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