Gandhara is an ancient place name in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, which is now the northern part of Pakistan. The region is in the Peshawar district of Pakistan, and is a triangular basin surrounded by mountains on three sides. The name appears in ancient texts such as the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda, but the name of Gandhara is recorded as one of the provinces in an inscription of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, which ruled this region in the 6th century BC. At the end of the 4th century BC, the army of Alexander the Great invaded the region during his eastern expedition, and in the 3rd century BC, it came under the rule of King Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire in India. Later, the Saka people, one of the northern nomads, moved south, and the Kushan people, native to Central Asia, who rose in northern Afghanistan, extended their influence in this area, establishing the Kushan dynasty and laying the foundation for a flourishing culture, which reached its peak under King Kanishka. There are various theories about the date of King Kanishka's reign, but the most widely accepted theory is that it was in the mid-2nd century. King Kanishka made Purushapura (present-day Peshawar) his capital and ruled over a vast territory stretching from northern Afghanistan to Mathura in India and parts of the Western Regions of China. Buddhism also spread throughout the region during this period, and the construction of temples and the production of Buddhist statues saw unprecedented prosperity. In particular, the first Buddhist statues were made in the Gandhara region, which is thought to have been made between the end of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century. Few ancient ruins remain in Peshawar, but in the early 20th century a bronze relic container was excavated from a site said to be King Kanishka's stupa, and on its side was carved an inscription in Kharoshthi script proving that it was donated by King Kanishka. The Buddhist art that developed in Peshawar spread to the surrounding areas, and ruins have been found in the Swat Valley in the north and Taxila in the east. The Buddhist art that flourished in this region during this period is called Gandhara art. Gandhara during the Kushan period was literally at the crossroads of civilization, connecting India and China to the east, the countries of the northern nomadic tribes to the north, and Persia, Greece, and Rome to the west, and was influenced by Eastern and Western cultures. Buddhist statues also show a mixture of Greek and Roman naturalistic tendencies and indigenous elements, and although it is part of the Indian subcontinent, art with strong Western characteristics was produced, with little traditional Indian style. The sculptures reached their peak in the 3rd century, and there is a slight decline in the 4th and 5th centuries. However, it was during this period that Buddhism first spread to China, and various relics attest to its great influence on Buddhist art during the Northern Wei period. Most of the Gandhara art remains are made of blue-black amphibole schist, but towards the end of the period there were more stucco figures with painted surfaces. [Shinichi Nagai] "Gandhara Art" edited by Isao Kurita, 2 volumes (1989, Nigensha) 3rd century, schist, height 92.7 cm, Pakistan (probably Takht-i-Bahi), Metropolitan Museum of Art Buddha statue 5th-6th century Stucco (clay) Height 19.1 cm Afghanistan (probably Hadda) Metropolitan Museum of Art Buddha head statue Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ガンダーラとはインド亜大陸の北西部、いまのパキスタンの北部にあった古い地名で、同国ペシャワル県がその地域にあたり、三方を山に囲まれ三角形の盆地をなす。その名は古く『リグ・ベーダ』や『アタルバ・ベーダ』にも出てくるが、紀元前6世紀にこの地方を支配したペルシアのアケメネス朝の碑文に、属州となった国々の一つとしてガンダーラの名が記されている。前4世紀末、アレクサンドロス大王の東方遠征のとき、大王の軍の侵入を受け、前3世紀にはインド、マウリヤ朝のアショカ王の支配するところとなったが、のち北方遊牧民の一つであるサカ人の南下にあい、やがてアフガニスタン北部に興った中央アジア土着のクシャン人がこの地に勢力を伸ばし、クシャン朝を樹立、文化繁栄の基礎を築き、カニシカ王のとき最盛期を迎えた。カニシカ王の在位年代については諸説あり一定しないが、2世紀中ごろとする説が有力である。 カニシカ王はプルシャプラ(いまのペシャワル)を都とし、アフガニスタン北部からインドのマトゥラ、中国の西域(せいいき)の一部に至る広大な領土を支配した。仏教もこの時代に全域に広まり、寺院の建立、仏像の制作は空前絶後の盛況を呈した。とくにガンダーラ地方で初めて仏像がつくられ、その時期は1世紀末から2世紀初めと考えられている。ペシャワルには古代の遺跡はほとんど残っていないが、カニシカ王のストゥーパといわれる遺跡から20世紀初めに青銅製の舎利容器が発掘され、その側面には、カニシカ王の寄進を証明するカローシュティー文字の銘文が彫られていた。 ペシャワルを中心に興った仏教美術はその周囲にも波及し、北はスワット渓谷、東はタキシラにもその遺跡が発見されるが、この時代にこの地方一帯に栄えた仏教美術をガンダーラ美術と称する。クシャン朝時代のガンダーラは、文字どおり文明の十字路にあり、東はインド、中国、北は北方遊牧民族の国々、西はペルシアからギリシア、ローマへと通じ、東西文化の影響を受けた。仏像にもギリシア、ローマの自然主義的な傾向と、土着的な要素の入り混じったものがみられ、インド亜大陸の一部でありながら、インドの伝統的な作風の希薄な、むしろ西方的な特色の強い美術が生み出された。彫刻では、もっとも芸術性の高い時期は3世紀ころを頂点とし、4、5世紀になるとやや衰退の様相がみられる。しかし中国へ仏教が初めて伝播(でんぱ)したのはこの時期であり、北魏(ほくぎ)時代の仏教美術に大きな影響を及ぼしたことは、さまざまな遺品が物語っている。ガンダーラ美術の遺品は、材料が青黒色の角閃(かくせん)片岩によるものが大部分で、末期になるとストゥッコ(漆食(しっくい))の像が多くなり、その表面に彩色を施している。 [永井信一] 『栗田功編著『ガンダーラ美術』全2巻(1989・ニ玄社)』 3世紀 片岩 高さ92.7cm パキスタン(おそらくタフティ・バヒー)メトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> 仏陀像 5~6世紀 ストゥッコ(塑土) 高さ19.1cm アフガニスタン(おそらくハッダ)メトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> 仏陀の頭部像 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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