Candidal vaginitis

Japanese: カンジダ腟炎
Candidal vaginitis
What kind of disease is it?

●Main symptoms and progression Candida is a fungus (a type of mold) that causes inflammation. When the vulva is infected, it is called vulvar candidiasis, and when the vagina is infected, it is called candidal vaginitis. In women, the vaginal discharge becomes more white and crumbly, similar to sake lees, and the vagina and vulva become itchy and painful. In men, the main symptom is balanitis, which can cause itching, but is often asymptomatic. If the skin of the foreskin is inflamed, it can cause pain when urinating.

●How the disease causes and symptoms developCandida bacteria are normal bacteria that are always present in the mouth and vagina of healthy people, and do not cause inflammation simply by attaching to the vulva or entering the vagina. Inflammation occurs most often when taking antibiotics, and can also occur when the body is extremely tired and weak, such as immediately after menstruation, during pregnancy, when suffering from diabetes or a wasting disease, or when undergoing chemotherapy, immunosuppressant medication, or radiation therapy. The disease can also be caused by wearing underwear that is not breathable or by improper self-washing.
In addition, although it is not a sexually transmitted disease, it can be transmitted from women to men through sexual intercourse. The frequency of transmission from men to women is considered to be low. (1)

●Characteristics of the disease According to statistics, 15 to 20 percent of non-pregnant women and 20 to 40 percent of pregnant women have candidal vaginitis.


EBM checks on common treatments and care

[Treatment and care] Avoid sexual intercourse with an unspecified number of people [Rating] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] Although candidal vaginitis is not usually a sexually transmitted disease, it is said to be sometimes related to sexual intercourse.

[Treatment and care] Use antifungal drugs [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Antifungal medications such as clotrimazole and miconazole nitrate can be applied topically, or vaginal tablets containing clotrimazole and miconazole nitrate can be used. The effectiveness of these medications has been confirmed by highly reliable clinical studies. Both medications are almost equally effective. (2)


Checking commonly used drugs with EBM

Drugs effective against Candida fungi [Drug use] Treatment for superficial mycosis [Drug name] Empecid vaginal tablets (clotrimazole) (3)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Floride vaginal suppository (miconazole nitrate) (3)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Oxiconazole vaginal tablets (oxiconazole nitrate)
[Rating] ☆☆
[Drug name] Empecid Cream (Clotrimazole) (3)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Florid D Cream (Miconazole nitrate) (3)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Adestan Cream (Isoconazole Nitrate) (1)
[Rating] ☆☆☆
[Drug name] Oxiconazole cream (oxiconazole nitrate) (1)
[Rating] ☆☆☆

[Evaluation Points] Clotrimazole and miconazole nitrate have been confirmed to be effective against candidal vaginitis through highly reliable clinical studies. The majority of candidal vaginitis is caused by Candida albicans, but in cases of repeated recurrence, it may be due to Candida Glabrata. As the optimal treatment for C.glabrata has not been established, the treatment effect will be observed by changing to a different drug from the one initially used, or by extending the administration period. (3)(4)
In addition, a single oral dose of 150 mg of fluconazole is recommended overseas, but in Japan it is only indicated for deep mycosis and has not been approved for candidal vulvovaginitis. In recurrent or severe cases, it is recommended to use vaginal tablets or topical medication for 7 to 14 days, or to take antifungal drugs such as fluconazole or itraconazole orally, 3 times every 3 days for 7 days.
Vaginal tablets of oxiconazole nitrate have not been used in clinical trials, but they have been used empirically. Isoconazole nitrate and oxiconazole nitrate creams are also supported by guidelines, but there are no clinical studies showing their effectiveness.


Overall, the most reliable treatment currently available <br /> If infection is discovered, start treatment early. If symptoms appear, visit a medical institution immediately and, with a correct diagnosis, treatment can almost always be achieved by using vaginal tablets or topical medications such as Empecid (clotrimazole) or Florid (miconazole nitrate).
The diagnosis can be easily made by dropping a drop of KOH into vaginal secretions, examining the sample under a microscope, and confirming the presence of spores and hyphae. (2)
Candida vaginitis is a disease that is prone to recurrence, so care must be taken even after recovery. Even if the symptoms subside, do not stop taking the medicine on your own, but continue treatment for a certain period of time. Since Candida bacteria are normal bacteria on the skin and digestive tract, if the symptoms disappear through treatment, the condition is considered cured, even if a small amount of the bacteria remains.

Avoid sexual intercourse with many people and maintain cleanliness at all times.To prevent infection, you should keep the affected area clean and avoid sexual intercourse with many people.
If you are concerned about vaginal discharge or severe itching, it may be better to avoid wearing jeans, girdles, or stockings that constrict the lower body, and instead wear underwear made of breathable cotton materials.
It is necessary to keep the affected area clean, but if you become too nervous and wash the area repeatedly, you will weaken the power of the self-cleaning bacteria in the vagina and actually reduce the healing power, so care must be taken. If you scrub the vulva too hard with soap, the irritation from the soap may make the condition worse. It is best to gently wash the area with just warm water and dry it well.
Candida vaginitis can also be almost completely prevented from infecting your partner if you use condoms correctly in advance. Although there is a surefire treatment, it is also a disease that is prone to recurrence. Since we know how to prevent it, we should do it.

(1) Compiled by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. CQ105 How to diagnose and treat Candida vulvovaginitis? Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Practice Guidelines - Outpatient Gynecology Edition 2014. Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014. 12-14.
(2) Japanese Association of Infectious Diseases. Sexually Transmitted Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines 2011. Genital Candidiasis. Journal of the Japanese Society of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2011;22(suppl):87-91.
(3)CDC. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Treatment guideline for Candidiasis. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/candidiasis.htm
(4) Takemi Kubota. Genital candidiasis. Rinninsyu-san. 2009;63:176-179.

Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment"

Japanese:
どんな病気でしょうか?

●おもな症状と経過
 カンジダという真菌(しんきん)(カビの一種)が原因となって炎症がおきる病気で、外陰部(がいいんぶ)に感染したものが外陰カンジダ症、腟内(ちつない)に感染したものがカンジダ腟炎(ちつえん)です。女性の場合、酒かす状の白いボロボロしたおりものが増え、腟や外陰部に激しいかゆみが生じたり、ただれて痛みを伴ったりします。男性の場合は、亀頭包皮炎(きとうほうひえん)が主な症状で、かゆみがでることがありますが、無症状のこともよくあります。亀頭包皮部の皮膚に炎症がある場合、排尿時に痛みを感じたりします。

●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ
 カンジダ菌は、健康な人の口や腟に常にいる常在菌で、外陰部に付着したり、腟内に入ったりしただけでは炎症をおこしません。炎症をおこすのは抗菌薬を服用しているときがもっとも多く、それと極端に疲れて体力が落ちた場合、たとえば月経の直後や妊娠中、糖尿病や消耗性疾患を患(わずら)っているとき、化学療法や免疫抑制薬投与、放射線療法を行っているときなどに、体内のカンジダ菌が増殖して発病します。また、通気性の悪い下着や不適切な自己洗浄などでも発病します。
 また、性行為感染症ではありませんが、性交渉によって女性から男性に感染することもあります。男性から女性への感染頻度は低いとされています。(1)

●病気の特徴
 ある統計によると、妊娠していない女性の15~20パーセントに、妊娠中では20~40パーセントにカンジダ腟炎があるとされています。


よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック

[治療とケア]不特定多数との性交渉は避ける
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 通常、カンジダ腟炎は、性行為感染症ではないのですが、性交渉に関連していることもあるとされています。

[治療とケア]抗真菌薬を用いる
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] クロトリマゾール、ミコナゾール硝酸塩といった抗真菌薬の外用薬を塗ったり、クロトリマゾールやミコナゾール硝酸塩などの腟錠(ちつじょう)を用いたりします。これらの薬の効果は非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。どちらの薬でも効果はほぼ同じです。(2)


よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック

カンジダ菌に有効な薬
[薬用途]表在性真菌症治療薬
[薬名]エンペシド腟錠(クロトリマゾール)(3)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]フロリード腟坐剤(ミコナゾール硝酸塩)(3)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]オキナゾール腟錠(オキシコナゾール硝酸塩)
[評価]☆☆
[薬名]エンペシドクリーム(クロトリマゾール)(3)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]フロリードDクリーム(ミコナゾール硝酸塩)(3)
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[薬名]アデスタンクリーム(イソコナゾール硝酸塩)(1)
[評価]☆☆☆
[薬名]オキナゾールクリーム(オキシコナゾール硝酸塩)(1)
[評価]☆☆☆

[評価のポイント] クロトリマゾール、ミコナゾール硝酸塩は非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって、カンジダ腟炎に対する効果が確認されています。カンジダ腟炎の大部分は、カンジダ・アルビカンスが原因となりますが、再発をくり返す例では、カンジダ・ガラブラタ(Candida Glabrata)によることがあります。C.glabrataに対する最適の治療法は確立されていないため、初回使用薬と異なる薬剤に変えるか、投与期間を長くして治療効果をみることになります。(3)(4)
 また、海外ではフルコナゾール150ミリグラム単回の内服治療が推奨されていますが、日本では深在性真菌症の適応のみで、カンジダ外陰腟炎に対しては未承認です。再発例・重症例では腟錠や外用薬を7~14日間用いる、あるいはフルコナゾール、イトラコナゾールなどの抗真菌薬を3日ごとに3回で7日間内服することが推奨されています。
 オキシコナゾール硝酸塩の腟錠は、有効性を示した臨床研究はありませんが経験上使用されています。イソコナゾール硝酸塩やオキシコナゾール硝酸塩のクリームも、有効性を示した臨床研究はないものの、ガイドラインでは支持されています。


総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法
感染がわかったら、早期に治療を開始する
 症状がみられたら、すぐに医療機関を受診し、正しい診断のもとでエンペシド(クロトリマゾール)、あるいはフロリード(ミコナゾール硝酸塩)などの腟錠や外用薬を用いることで、ほぼ確実に治療できます。
 診断は、腟の分泌物(ぶんぴつぶつ)にKOH液を滴下した標本を顕微鏡で鏡検(きょうけん)し、芽胞(がほう)や菌糸(きんし)を確認すれば簡単につきます。(2)
 カンジダ腟炎は再発しやすい病気なので、治ってからも注意が必要です。症状がおさまっても勝手に薬を中止したりせず、一定期間治療を続けます。カンジダ菌は皮膚、消化管などの常在菌なので、菌が少量残存していても治療により症状が消失したら、治癒したものとします。

不特定多数との性交渉を避け、日頃から清潔に
 感染予防のためには患部の清潔を保ち、不特定多数との性交渉を避けるべきです。
 おりものや強いかゆみが気になる場合には、下半身を締め付けるジーンズやガードル・ストッキングを履くことは避けて、通気性のいい綿の素材の下着などを身につけたほうがよいかもしれません。
 患部を清潔に保つことは必要ですが、神経質になりすぎて、なんども患部を洗うと、腟内の自浄菌(じじょうきん)の力を弱めて、かえって治癒力を低下させるため、注意が必要です。外陰部を石けんで強くこすると、石けんの刺激で悪化することがあります。お湯だけでそっと洗い、よく乾かすとよいでしょう。
 カンジダ腟炎も、事前にコンドームを正しく使用すれば、パートナーへの感染はほぼ完全に予防できます。確実な治療があるとはいえ、再発しやすい病気でもあります。予防できる方法がわかっているのですから、実行すべきでしょう。

(1)日本産科婦人科学会・日本産婦人科医会編. CQ105カンジダ外陰腟炎の診断と治療は?産婦人科診療ガイドライン―婦人科外来編2014. 日本産科婦人科学会・日本産婦人科医会. 2014. 12-14.
(2)日本感染症学会編. 性感染症診断・治療ガイドライン 2011. 性器カンジダ症.日性感染症会誌. 2011;22(suppl):87-91.
(3)CDC. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Treatment guidline for Candidasis. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/candidiasis.htm
(4)久保田武美. 性器カンジダ症. 臨婦産. 2009;63:176-179.

出典 法研「EBM 正しい治療がわかる本」EBM 正しい治療がわかる本について 情報

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