Summergreen forest - aestatilignosa; summergreen forest

Japanese: 夏緑樹林 - かりょくじゅりん（英語表記）aestatilignosa; summergreen forest

A forest that grows green leaves in warm summers and loses its leaves in cold winters. Summer-green high tree forests form a typical temperate zone, and are developed in Europe at latitudes 40° to 60° north, and in North America and Asia at latitudes 30° to 50° north. In Japan, they occur in areas at altitudes of 600 to 1700m in central Japan, and on the plains of Hokkaido. They are a mixture of chestnut, alder, Japanese oak, maple, hornbeam, elm, horse chestnut, and katsura, but are roughly divided into a chestnut zone in the lowlands, an oak zone in the middle areas, and a beech zone in the highlands. Shade-loving beech trees form climax forests. The most representative sun-loving tree is the silver birch. Before the leaves grow thick on the treetops from spring to early summer, spring plants such as Anemone (→ Anemone) and Viola (→ Violet) flower and produce fruit on the forest floor, and the seasonal changes of new green leaves, autumn leaves (yellow leaves), and fallen leaves are remarkable. Small-scale summer-green shrubs are commonly found near the tree line, and in the high mountains of Japan there are shrubs of Alnus alder, Betula ermanii, and Rowan alpine. (→ Community)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

温暖な夏に緑葉をつけて活動し，寒冷な冬に落葉する森林。夏緑高木林は温帯の代表的植物帯をつくり，ヨーロッパで北緯 40°～60°，北アメリカとアジアで北緯 30°～50°の地域に発達。日本では中部で標高 600～1700mの地域，北海道では平地に生じる。クリ，ハンノキ，ミズナラ，カエデ，シデ，ニレ，トチノキ，カツラなど混合するが，おおまかには低地のクリ帯，中間地のナラ帯，高地のブナ帯に区分される。陰樹のブナが極相林をつくる。陽樹の代表はシラカバ。春から初夏の樹冠の葉が茂る前に，林床にアネモネ属（→アネモネ），スミレ属（→スミレ）のような春植物が開花結実し，新緑，紅葉（黄葉），落葉の季節変化が著しい。夏緑低木林は，森林限界付近に小規模のものが普通にみられ，日本の高山にはミヤマハンノキ，ダケカンバ，タカネナナカマドの低木林がある。（→群系）

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