It shows the technical relationship between the input of production factors and the maximum output that can be achieved by them. The production of product Y requires production factors such as labor L and capital K. In this case, the production function is When producing a certain amount, there are methods that require relatively more capital input (capital-intensive production methods) and, conversely, methods that require relatively more labor input (labor-intensive production methods). In this way, when one production factor can be substituted for another, the measure of the degree of substitution between those production factors is called the elasticity of substitution, and the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital is defined as the ratio of the rate of change in the capital intensity of labor divided by the rate of change in the technical marginal rate of substitution. If this value is zero, there is no substitutability between capital and labor, and they are always input in a constant ratio. The higher this value, the greater the substitutability between capital and labor. When simultaneously doubling the inputs of capital and labor (by m times) results in a doubling of output (by m times), the production function is said to be linearly homogeneous, or to have invariant returns to scale. [Toshiyuki Uchijima] Production function typeThere are various theories about the specific shape of the production function, but the most representative examples are the Cobb-Douglas production function and the CES production function. The Cobb-Douglas production function was proposed by C. W. Cobb and P. H. Douglas. The CES (constant elasticity of substitution) production function is a production function with a constant elasticity of substitution, and was proposed by four people: K.J. Arrow, H.B. Ceneri, B.S. Minhas, and R.M. Solow. They learned from real data that labor productivity (average productivity of labor) has a high correlation with wage rates, and derived the CES production function from this relationship. This production function is, [Toshiyuki Uchijima] "Economic Growth Theory" by Kenjiro Ara (1969, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Theory of Production Functions" by Kazuo Sato (1975, Sobunsha) [References] | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Production Function Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生産要素の投入量と、それにより達成可能な最大産出量との間に定まる技術的関係を示すもの。生産物Yの生産には、労働Lや資本Kなどの生産要素を必要とする。このとき生産関数は、 一定量を生産する場合、相対的に資本を多く投入する方法(資本集約的生産方法)や、反対に相対的に労働を多く投入する方法(労働集約的生産方法)がある。このように一方の生産要素を他の生産要素に代替して投入できる場合、その生産要素間の代替の程度の測度を代替の弾力性とよび、労働・資本間の代替の弾力性は、労働の資本集約度の変化率を技術的限界代替率の変化率で割った比率と定義される。その値がゼロであると資本と労働の代替可能性はまったくなく、それらはつねに一定比率で投入される。その値が大きければ大きいほど、資本と労働との代替可能性は大きいのである。 資本と労働との投入を同時に2倍(m倍)にすると、生産量もまた2倍(m倍)になるとき、この生産関数は一次同次である、あるいは規模に関して収穫不変である、という。 [内島敏之] 生産関数の型生産関数の具体的な形状については種々の考え方があるが、もっとも代表的な具体例としては、コブ‐ダグラス生産関数とCES生産関数とがあげられる。 コブ‐ダグラス生産関数はC・W・コブとP・H・ダグラスとによって提案されたもので、 CES(constant elasticity of substitution)生産関数は、代替の弾力性が一定である生産関数で、K・J・アロー、H・B・チェネリ、B・S・ミンハス、R・M・ソローの4人によって提案されたものである。彼らは現実のデータから労働生産性(労働の平均生産力)は賃金率と高い相関関係をもつことを知り、この関係からCES生産関数を導出した。この生産関数は、 [内島敏之] 『荒憲治郎著『経済成長論』(1969・岩波書店)』▽『佐藤和夫著『生産関数の理論』(1975・創文社)』 [参照項目] | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 生産関数 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Production relations (English spelling)
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