Liver function test

Japanese: 肝機能検査 - かんきのうけんさ
Liver function test
A liver function test is a test in which a blood sample is taken and the components contained in the blood are examined to diagnose liver function and liver disease.
Typical liver function tests include GOT and GPT.
GOT is an abbreviation for glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and GPT is an abbreviation for glutamic pyruvic transaminase, which are the names of enzymes contained in liver cells. The abbreviations of the enzymes are also used as the names of the test items.
When liver cells are destroyed, these enzymes are released from the cells into the blood, causing blood levels to rise.
Similarly, the enzymes ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and γ-GTP (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) increase in blood levels when the biliary tract (the pathway through which bile flows) is impaired. The abbreviations of these enzymes are also used as test item names.
When liver cells are destroyed by hepatitis, bilirubin, a pigment in the blood, cannot be excreted into the bile properly, and the bilirubin level in the blood increases. When this happens, the color of the eyes and skin turns yellow. This symptom is called jaundice.
Bilirubin levels also become high when the bile duct is blocked by gallstones or other factors.
The liver is a chemical factory in the body that works to create various substances necessary for the body using nutrients absorbed from the intestines, etc. When the liver gradually breaks down over a long period of time, such as with chronic hepatitis, or the subsequent cirrhosis of the liver, the factory's function slows down, and the protein albumin and cholesterol are no longer synthesized properly, causing a decrease in their amount in the blood.
In addition, when you have chronic liver disease, your liver's ability to process foreign substances also decreases. The test to examine this is the ICG test, which involves injecting a green dye called ICG into your veins and measuring how much of it remains in the blood after a certain period of time to measure your liver's ability to process foreign substances.
Other liver function tests include tests to check for viruses that cause hepatitis (viral markers).
In addition, when liver cancer occurs, the levels of proteins called AFP and PIVKA-II in the blood increase. This property is also used for testing, but since the levels can also rise even in the absence of cancer, care must be taken.
By making a comprehensive assessment of the results of these many tests, it is possible to infer the condition of the liver without having to perform a liver biopsy, in which liver tissue is directly extracted and examined.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
肝機能検査とは、血液を採取して、血液中に含まれる成分を調べ、肝臓(かんぞう)のはたらきや肝臓病を診断する検査のことです。
 肝機能検査の代表的な検査項目にGOT、GPTがあります。
 GOTはグルタミン酸オキサロ酢酸(さくさん)トランスアミナーゼ、GPTはグルタミン酸ピルビン酸トランスアミナーゼの略称で、それぞれ肝細胞中に含まれる酵素(こうそ)の名前です。酵素の略称がそのまま検査項目名としても使われています。
 これらの酵素は、肝細胞の破壊がおこると、細胞の中から血液中に出てきて、血液中の値が高くなります。
 同様に、ALP(アルカリホスファターゼ)、γ(ガンマ)‐GTP(γ‐グルタミールトランスペプチダーゼ)という酵素は、胆道(たんどう)(胆汁(たんじゅう)の流れ道)に障害がおこると血液中の値が増えてきます。これらも酵素の略称が検査項目名として使われています。
 肝炎によって肝細胞が破壊されると、血液中の色素であるビリルビンが胆汁中へうまく排泄(はいせつ)できなくなり、血液中のビリルビン値が高くなります。このとき、眼球(がんきゅう)や皮膚(ひふ)の色が黄色くなります。この症状が黄疸(おうだん)です。
 ビリルビン値は、胆石(たんせき)などで胆道(たんどう)が閉鎖(へいさ)されたときにも高くなります。
 肝臓は体内の化学工場で、腸などから吸収された栄養分をもとにからだに必要なさまざまの物質をつくるはたらきをしています。その肝臓が長い間かかって少しずつ壊れていく慢性肝炎(まんせいかんえん)や、それにひき続いておこる肝硬変(かんこうへん)になると、工場のはたらきが鈍くなり、アルブミンというたんぱく質やコレステロールがうまく合成されなくなって、血液中の量が減ってきます。
 また、慢性の肝臓病になると、異物を処理するための肝臓の能力も落ちてきます。これを調べる検査がICG検査で、緑色の色素であるICGを静脈内に注射し、一定時間後にどのぐらい血液中に残っているかをみることで、肝臓の異物処理能力を調べます。
 その他、肝炎をおこすウイルスを調べる検査(ウイルスマーカー)も肝機能検査の1つです。
 また、肝がんが発生すると血液中にAFP、PIVKA‐Ⅱというたんぱくが増えてきます。この性質も検査に利用されますが、がんがなくても値が上がることもあるため、注意しなければなりません。
 こうしたたくさんの検査結果を総合的に判断することによって、肝臓の組織を直接採取して調べる肝生検(かんせいけん)という方法を用いなくても、肝臓の状態を推測することができるのです。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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