BCG - Business Cardiology

Japanese: BCG - びーしーじー
BCG - Business Cardiology

A vaccine to prevent tuberculosis, the abbreviation for the French term Bacille de Calmette-Guérin (bacilli of Calmette and Guérin).

[Tomoyuki Yamaguchi]

History of the discovery and use of BCG

In 1908, Calmette and his collaborator Camille Guérin (1872-1961) at the Pasteur Institute in France spent 13 years culturing bovine tuberculosis bacteria on potato plates soaked in 5% glycerin broth and ox bile for 230 generations, resulting in an almost completely detoxified strain. In other words, the bacteria mutated over the course of generations of cultivation in a completely different environment, resulting in a mutant strain that could no longer cause tuberculosis in the human body but could confer immunity to it. This tuberculosis bacteria was called BCG, and in 1921 it was first administered to newborns, and human vaccination began. It was then distributed to countries around the world, where it quickly spread, and tuberculosis vaccinations began to be carried out in various countries.

In Japan, the BCG strain provided by the Pasteur Institute in 1925 (Taisho 14) was successively stored at the National Institute of Health (now the National Institute of Infectious Diseases), and its safety and immunity-provoking power were thoroughly tested. The mass production of freeze-dried BCG vaccine was also successful, making mass vaccination possible. Meanwhile, a joint research project with the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science confirmed the preventive effect of intradermal vaccination, and since 1949 (Showa 24), BCG vaccination has been implemented by law for all people under the age of 30 who do not have a positive tuberculin reaction. However, intradermal vaccination often causes ulcers that are difficult to heal and leaves large scars, so it was avoided. Therefore, in 1967, an improved method of percutaneous vaccination using the needle method was developed, in which a nine-needle needle is pressed into the skin in two places after the vaccine is applied. According to this, small red spots and scabs appear two to four weeks after vaccination, but after these fall off the scars gradually fade and are almost completely gone within a year.

[Tomoyuki Yamaguchi]

BCG vaccination

In Japan, the Vaccination Act requires vaccinations to be administered by the time a child reaches 6 months of age (the tuberculin skin test was abolished in April 2005). When receiving the vaccination, care should be taken to keep the vaccination site out of direct sunlight and to wait until the vaccine has dried before putting on clothing.

The BCG vaccine is one of the vaccines with the fewest side effects, but it is contraindicated for those with a positive tuberculin reaction, severe nutritional disorders, patients with widespread skin diseases, and patients with high fevers. When the Japanese strain is administered percutaneously using a needle method, the local reaction is milder than that of an intradermal reaction, the healing process is rapid, and scarring is merely a small white spot. The most common side effect is swelling of the axillary lymph nodes, but this is observed in only about 1% of cases, and almost all of them disappear within a year. Severe tuberculosis caused by BCG is extremely rare, and only a few cases have been reported worldwide in immunocompromised newborn recipients.

There have been numerous studies on the effectiveness of BCG, with results varying from over 90% preventive effectiveness to no significant effect, but the general consensus is that it is generally effective. It is also highly effective in preventing childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis (which is usually seen on a chest X-ray as miliary shadows around 1 millimeter in diameter distributed evenly throughout the entire lung field).

The BCG vaccination rate is high in Japan, but on the other hand, it is not administered in the Netherlands or the United States, and in Sweden it was discontinued in 1975, with only high-risk groups (those at high risk of developing the disease) being vaccinated. In Western countries, due to concerns that it may cause confusion in distinguishing between natural infection and TB, there is a tendency to stop mass vaccination and limit it to those with a high chance of infection, or to switch to chemical prevention. In developing countries, BCG vaccination remains an important measure against tuberculosis, and widespread vaccination is being promoted.

In addition, BCG-CWS (cell-wall skeleton of BCG), which is purified from live BCG bacteria, is said to be effective in immunotherapy for certain types of cancer.

[Tomoyuki Yamaguchi]

"Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment in Low-Infection Countries and Their Research," supervised by the Tuberculosis Research Institute of the Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (1999, Shinkikaku Publishing)" "New Theory and Practice of BCG Vaccination," partially revised edition, written by Seiroku Tokuchi and supervised by Toru Mori (2002, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association)"

[References] | Calmette | Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act | Tuberculosis | Miliary tuberculosis | Tuberculin reaction | Immunotherapy | Vaccination | Vaccine

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

結核の予防ワクチンでフランス語のBacille de Calmette-Guérin(カルメットとゲランの菌)の略語。

[山口智道]

BCGの発見・利用史

1908年、カルメットはフランスのパスツール研究所で共同研究者のゲランCamille Guérin(1872―1961)とともに13年間にわたり、ウシ型結核菌を5%グリセリン肉汁加牛胆汁に浸したジャガイモ培地に230世代も連続培養した結果、ほとんど無毒化された菌種を得た。つまり、まったく環境を変えて何代も何代も培養している間に菌が変異をおこし、人体に結核症を発病させる力はないが結核症に対する免疫は得させるという性質をもった変種ができたわけである。この結核菌をBCGといい、1921年に初めて新生児接種を行い人体接種が始められ、その後世界各国にこれが分与されて急速に広まり、結核の予防接種が各国で行われるようになった。

 日本でも1925年(大正14)パスツール研究所から分与されたBCG菌株を国立予防衛生研究所(現国立感染症研究所)で継代保管し、その安全性と免疫賦与力を厳重検査するとともに凍結乾燥BCGワクチンの大量製造に成功し、集団接種が可能となった。一方では、日本学術振興会の共同研究によって皮内接種による予防効果が確認され、1949年(昭和24)以来、ツベルクリン反応が陽性でない30歳以下の全員を対象としてBCG接種を法律によって実施することになった。しかし、皮内接種ではしばしば治りにくい潰瘍(かいよう)ができ、大きな瘢痕(はんこん)を残すために忌避されがちであった。そこで1967年からはワクチンを塗ったあとに9本針植付けの管針を皮膚に2か所押しつける管針法によって経皮接種するという改良法が行われるようになった。これによると、接種後2~4週間で赤い小斑点(はんてん)ができ痂皮(かひ)(かさぶた)を生ずるが、その脱落後はしだいに傷跡が薄くなり、1年もすればほとんど消える。

[山口智道]

BCG接種

日本では予防接種法によって、生後6か月に達するまでの間に接種を行うことになっている(ツベルクリン反応検査は2005年4月より廃止)。なお接種時には、接種部位を日光に直接当てないこと、ワクチンが乾燥してから衣服を着用することなどに注意する。

 BCGワクチンはもっとも副作用の少ないワクチンの一つであるが、ツベルクリン反応陽性者、著しい栄養障害者、広範な皮膚病をもつ患者、高熱のある患者などに対しては禁忌とされている。日本株を用いた管針法による経皮接種では、皮内反応より局所反応は軽く、速やかに治癒経過をたどり、瘢痕(はんこん)も単に小さな白斑を呈するにすぎない。もっとも多い副作用は腋窩(えきか)(わきの下)リンパ節の腫大(しゅだい)であるが、1%程度に観察されるだけで、しかもほとんどすべてが1年以内に消失する。BCGによる重篤な結核発病はきわめてまれで、全世界的にも免疫不全を伴った新生児の被接種者に少数例の報告があるにすぎない。

 BCGの有効性についての研究は多数あり、90%以上の予防効果を示すものから有意の効果を認めないものまでばらつきが多いが、おおむね有効とする意見が多く、また小児の結核性髄膜炎や粟粒(ぞくりゅう)結核(通常、胸部X線で全肺野に均等に直径1ミリメートル前後の粟粒陰影がみられる)の発病予防には高い効果がみられる。

 日本ではBCG接種率が高いが、一方オランダ、アメリカでは接種せず、スウェーデンでは1975年に中止し、ハイリスク・グループ(発病の恐れの高い者)のみに接種している。欧米諸国では自然感染との鑑別を混乱される恐れのあることなどから、集団接種をやめて感染機会の多い者に限定して接種するとか、化学予防に切り替える傾向である。開発途上国では、なおBCG接種が重要な結核対策で、接種の普及が推進されている。

 なお、BCG生菌より精製されたBCG‐CWS(cell-wall skeleton of BCG)は特殊な癌(がん)の免疫療法に有効といわれている。

[山口智道]

『結核予防会結核研究所監修『低蔓延国の結核予防・治療とその研究』(1999・新企画出版社)』『徳地清六著、森亨監修『新BCG接種の理論と実際』一部改訂版(2002・結核予防会)』

[参照項目] | カルメット | 感染症予防・医療法 | 結核 | 粟粒結核 | ツベルクリン反応 | 免疫療法 | 予防接種 | ワクチン

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