This refers to trees planted in rows on both sides of roads in urban areas. In Japan, namiki and street trees are often confused, but in other countries, urban street trees, or street trees, are usually distinguished from local street trees (namiki). Note that namiki refers to tall trees planted in rows, and low trees are not called namiki. Street trees are usually planted at equal intervals and of the same species, but sometimes different species are mixed together or planted irregularly. Street trees have the benefits of providing shade and regulating heat and cold, in addition to purifying the air, absorbing carbon dioxide and supplying oxygen, which are environmentally hygienic. They also contribute to the beauty of the landscape, as well as safety and signposts. However, there are also negative aspects such as damage to the road surface, reduced sunlight for homes, damage from fallen leaves, traffic obstructions, and hindrances to snow melting operations. The oldest street trees in the world are said to be the Grand Trunk, a road built about 3,000 years ago in the foothills of the Himalayas. This was a main road that ran from Kolkata (Calcutta) in India to the border of Afghanistan, and part of it was paved with stones, with three rows of trees lined up in the center and on both sides. In China, magnificent rows of trees and street trees were already built during the Zhou Dynasty about 2,500 years ago. The origins of Japanese street trees and avenue trees are also ancient. According to the "Nihon Shoki," mulberries were planted along the streets of Naniwa during the reign of Emperor Bidatsu (reigned 572-585). During the reign of Emperor Shomu (reigned 724-749), tachibana and willow trees were planted in Heijo-kyo. Furthermore, when Todaiji monk Fusho, who had traveled to China as a Japanese envoy, returned to Japan in 754 (Tenpyo Shoho 6), he reported on the status of street trees and avenue trees along with various systems in the Tang Dynasty, and in 759 (Tenpyo Hoji 3), it was decided to plant street trees by Daijokanpu. This marked the beginning of street trees being planted from an administrative standpoint. During the reign of Emperor Kanmu (reigned 781-806), willows and Chinese pagoda trees were planted 17 meters apart in Heian-kyo, and fruit trees were planted in the provinces. Later, in the Kamakura period, cherry trees, plum trees, cedar trees, and willow trees were planted. In the Edo period, pines, cedar trees, and tsuki (an old name for zelkova) were planted in various places. Modern street trees began in 1867 (Keio 3) when willows and pines were planted on Yokohama's Horse Carriage Street. In 1874 (Meiji 7), cherry trees and black pines were planted on Tokyo's Ginza Street, but the trees did not grow well and were replaced with weeping willows in 1884. In 1907 (Meiji 40), based on a plan for improving street trees by Shirasawa Homi and Fukuba Hayato, 10 species of trees were selected and planted as street trees - ginkgo, sycamore, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, horse chestnut, sugar maple, Japanese pagoda tree, dogwood, ash tree, and Mallotus japonicus - and this established the foundation for today's street tree system. Later, the Chinese laurel, weeping willow, Yoshino cherry tree, and three-leaved oak were added, while the dogwood and Mallotus japonicus were eliminated due to poor performance. According to a 1977 survey (by Hayashi Yae et al.), the total number of roadside trees in Tokyo's 23 wards was 155,000, and 51,000 in the Santama area, for a total of 206,000. Of these, the most numerous tree species were ginkgo, sycamore, sugar maple, weeping willow, Chinese pagoda tree, cherry tree, and zelkova. Also, according to a 1967 survey, there were 105 species of roadside trees in 160 major cities across the country, totaling 520,000 trees. The most numerous tree species were sycamore, ginkgo, weeping willow, black locust, Carolina poplar, Yoshino cherry tree, and Chinese parasol tree (no new surveys have been conducted since these two surveys). There are over 200 species of street trees in countries around the world, with the most widely used being poplars, plane trees, linden trees, and elms, known as the four major street trees in the world, followed by black locusts, maples, and horse chestnuts. When selecting street trees, it is desirable to choose trees that are adapted to the local climate, are robust, can grow in most soils, can tolerate dryness, and are resistant to so-called pollution such as air pollution. Furthermore, tree species that are resistant to solar heat, reflected heat, and pests and have deep roots are selected. In addition, environmental hygiene aspects such as not being poisonous, not emitting unpleasant odors, not having thorns, not releasing harmful liquids, etc., and aesthetic aspects such as being tolerant to pruning and trimming, having fast vertical growth, forming a straight trunk, having well-aligned lower branches, and having a neat and elegant tree shape are also taken into consideration. From a technical standpoint, the conditions for a street tree are that it can be grown in large quantities, is easy to transplant, and grows well after taking root. [Yayoi Hayashi] "Street Trees of Japan and the World" edited by Kei Homma (1982, Japan Travel Bureau) ©Shogakukan "> Main tree species used as roadside trees (Japan) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
市街地の道路の両側に列植された樹木をいう。日本では一般に並木と街路樹とが混同されることが多いが、外国では通常、市街並木すなわち街路樹と、地方並木(並木)とは区別されている。なお、並木とは高木を列植したものをいい、低木の場合は並木とはいわない。 街路樹は、普通、同一樹種が等間隔に植えられるが、ときには異なった樹種が混植されたり、不規則に植えられることもある。街路樹の効用としては、大気の浄化、炭酸ガスの吸収と酸素の供給といった環境衛生的な側面にあわせて、緑陰、寒暑の調節といった効用もある。さらには、風致美観ならびに保安、道標などの効用がある。しかし、路面の損傷、住居の日照、落葉の被害、交通障害、溶雪作業の妨害といったマイナス面の指摘されることもある。 世界でもっとも古い街路樹は、約3000年前にヒマラヤ山麓(さんろく)につくられた街路グランド・トランクであろうといわれる。これはインドのコルカタ(カルカッタ)からアフガニスタンの国境にかけての幹線の街路であり、一部は舗石を敷き詰め、中央と左右の計3筋に並木が連なっていたという。中国では約2500年前の周(しゅう)時代にすでに壮大な並木、街路樹がつくられていた。 日本の並木、街路樹の起源も古く、『日本書紀』によると、敏達(びだつ)天皇(在位572~585)のころ難波(なにわ)の街路にクワが植えられたとある。聖武(しょうむ)天皇(在位724~749)のときには、平城京にタチバナとヤナギが植えられている。さらに遣唐使として入唐(にっとう)した東大寺の僧普照(ふしょう)が754年(天平勝宝6)に帰朝し、唐の諸制度とともに並木、街路樹の状況を奏上し、759年(天平宝字3)に太政官符(だいじょうかんぷ)で街路樹を植栽することが決められた。これが行政上の立場から街路樹が植えられた始まりである。桓武(かんむ)天皇(在位781~806)時代には、平安京にヤナギとエンジュが17メートル間隔に植えられ、地方には果樹の植栽が進められた。その後、鎌倉時代にはサクラ、ウメ、スギ、ヤナギが植えられている。江戸時代になると、各地にマツ、スギ、ツキ(ケヤキの古名)などが植えられた。 近代的な街路樹は、1867年(慶応3)に横浜の馬車通りにヤナギとマツが植えられたことに始まる。1874年(明治7)には東京の銀座通りにサクラとクロマツが植えられたが、木の成長が悪く、1884年になってシダレヤナギに植えかえられている。1907年(明治40)になると、白沢保美(しらさわほみ)、福羽逸人(ふくばはやと)の街路樹の改良計画に基づいて、イチョウ、スズカケノキ、ユリノキ、アオギリ、トチノキ、トウカエデ、エンジュ、ミズキ、トネリコ、アカメガシワの10種が街路樹として選定・植栽され、ほぼ今日の街路樹体制の基ができあがった。のちにイヌエンジュ、シダレヤナギ、ソメイヨシノ、ミツデカエデが追加され、ミズキ、アカメガシワは成績不良で廃止された。 1977年(昭和52)の調査(林弥栄ほか)によると、東京都23区内の街路樹総本数は15万5000本、三多摩地区5万1000本、総計20万6000本である。このうち、本数の多い樹種はイチョウ、プラタナス、トウカエデ、シダレヤナギ、エンジュ、サクラ、ケヤキの順となっている。また、全国主要都市160の街路樹は、1967年の調査によると、105種、総本数52万本であった。本数の多い樹種を順にあげると、プラタナス、イチョウ、シダレヤナギ、ニセアカシア、カロリナポプラ、ソメイヨシノ、アオギリとなる(両調査以降、新しい調査は行われていない)。世界各国における街路樹種は200種に達し、もっとも広く用いられているのはポプラ類、プラタナス類、シナノキ類、ニレ類であり、これを世界四大街路樹とよんでいる。次いで多いのはニセアカシア類、カエデ類、トチノキ類である。 街路樹の選定にあたっては、その地方の気候風土に適応し、樹性強健で、大部分の土地で生育でき、乾燥に耐え、大気汚染などのいわゆる公害に対して抵抗力のあるものが望まれる。さらには、太陽熱、反射熱や病害虫に強く、深根性の樹種が選ばれる。 また、有毒、不快な臭気、刺(とげ)、有害液などを出さないという環境衛生的な面や、剪定(せんてい)、整枝によく耐え、上長成長が早く、まっすぐな樹幹をなし、下枝がよくそろい、樹形が整然として優美であるといった美観の面も考慮される。専門的には、大量な育苗栽培が可能で、しかも移植が容易で活着後の生育のよいものが街路樹としての条件となる。 [林 弥栄] 『本間啓監修『世界と日本の街路樹』(1982・日本交通公社)』 ©Shogakukan"> 街路樹に利用されるおもな樹種(日本) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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