axiology - English

Japanese: 価値論 - かちろん(英語表記)axiology 英語
axiology - English

It refers to the philosophy of value that focuses on value judgments and value evaluations. The history of value theory dates back to ancient times, but interest in value theory as a field of philosophy only grew that much earlier, at most from the end of the 19th century. Behind this spiritual history is the realization by many that Christian values, the traditional values ​​of modern Western Europe, have become powerless and meaningless. The person who most clearly stated this was Nietzsche, who called the modern era "an era in which we must make amends for having been Christians for two thousand years," and advocated the "upside down of all values" that had existed up until that point.

This period of despair over traditional values ​​marked the birth of philosophical value theory. Originally, the word value came to have a clear meaning as a term in economics, but philosophical value theory also began at the end of the 19th century when Austrian thinkers Meinong, Ehrenfels, and Kreibig began discussing it in connection with the debate over value in economics. Therefore, value theorists at the time considered value to be inseparable from human life, particularly human desires and emotions. The theory that value is the object of desires and emotions is called naturalism or psychologism, and this type of value theory became the main trend in the United States, England, and Scandinavian countries, where empiricism was originally influential.

In Austria and Germany, the birthplace of philosophical value theory, the view that values ​​are objective and absolute, which "appear" through emotions, has gained ground, moving away from Brentano-style psychologism. Values ​​are "simply full of value" (Münsterberg), which are not restricted by the subject's desires, and it has come to be thought that there exists an a priori (innate) order of values ​​that is distinct from material things. This is where absolutist value objectivism was established, with M. Scheler as its main advocate.

On the other hand, even if value is an ideal thing distinct from material things, there is no order or system of values, and what can exist is an ultimate conflict between values, a "conflict between the gods" (Michael Weber), and thus absolutist value pluralism is established.

In the German-speaking world, where idealism prevails, theories of value tend to be absolutist, but in the Anglo-American world, which has a tradition of empiricism, theories of value are also empirical and relativist. In particular, in the 20th century, subjectivism, which holds that value is a function of human emotions and actions that are distinct from facts, became influential in Anglo-American value theory, along with naturalism, which holds that value is the object of desire. This has been combined with relativism, which holds that value depends on the individual or group that is the subject of judgment, and is at the center of today's value debate.

[Osamu Hamai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

価値判断や価値評価などを中心問題とする価値哲学をいう。価値論の歴史は古代にさかのぼるが、哲学の一分野として価値論への関心が高まったのはそう古いことではなく、せいぜい19世紀の末からである。その精神史上の背景には、近代西欧の伝統的価値観たるキリスト教的価値観が無力かつ無意味になったという多くの人の実感がある。このことをもっとも明確に公言したのは、現代を「二千年にわたりキリスト教徒であったことの償いをせねばならぬ時代」として従来の「一切の価値の顛倒(てんとう)」を唱えたニーチェであった。

 こうした伝統的価値への絶望の時期が哲学的価値論の発生期にあたる。元来、価値ということばは経済学上の用語として明確な意味をもつようになったが、哲学的価値論も、19世紀末、オーストリアのマイノング、エーレンフェルス、クライビッヒらが経済学上の価値論争との関連で議論を始めたことが発端である。そのため当時の価値論者は、価値を人間生活、とくに人間の欲望や感情と不可分のものと考えた。価値とは欲望や感情の対象であるという説を自然主義あるいは心理主義とよぶが、この種の価値論はもともと経験主義の有力な英米やスカンジナビア諸国で主たる潮流となる。

 哲学的価値論発祥の地オーストリアやドイツでは、ブレンターノ流の心理主義を脱し、価値を感情を通じて「現れる」ところの客観的絶対的なものとする見方が有力になる。価値とは、主体の欲求に制約されることのない「端的に価値に満ちたもの」(ミュンスターベルク)であり、財物から区別されるア・プリオリ(先天的)な価値秩序が存在すると考えるようになった。ここにM・シェラーを主たる唱導者とする絶対主義的価値客観主義が成立する。

 一方、価値が財物から区別された理念的なものであるとしても、価値の秩序や体系など存在せず、ありうるのは究極の価値間の対立、「神々の争い」(M・ウェーバー)だと考えるとき、絶対主義的価値多元論が成立する。

 理念主義が優勢なドイツ語圏の価値論は絶対主義的傾向が強いが、経験主義の伝統下にある英米圏では、価値論も経験主義的で、相対主義的である。とくに20世紀の英米の価値論は、価値を欲求の対象とする自然主義と並んで、価値とは、事実とは区別される人間の感情や行為の機能であると考える主観主義が有力となった。これは、価値は判断の主体たる個人や集団に依存するとみる相対主義と結び付き、今日の価値論議の中心になっている。

[濱井 修]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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