Flower and bird combination

...Depending on the type of game, points are added based on the winning hand and hand, and the number of cards dealt, points, and calculation method of points also differ. There are various theories about the origin of Hanafuda, but the most popular is that it was created as a substitute for gambling-related karuta, which was completely banned by the Kansei Reforms in the late 18th century, by combining the Tensho Karuta, which was the mainstream of gambling-related karuta, and the Kacho Awase, which was a style of educational karuta. Tensho Karuta was created in imitation of the karuta that was introduced from Portugal in the late 16th century, and spread among the common people during the Edo period, and was used for gambling under the names of yomi and mekuri. The Edo Shogunate issued bans on Hanafuda several times before and after the Kansei Reforms, but it continued to be played secretly.

*Some of the terminology that refers to "Kachouawase" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…そのほか遊びの種類によっては，出来役（できやく），手役などの得点も加算され，また配る札の枚数，点数，得点の計算方法もそれぞれ異なる。　花札の起源については諸説あるが，18世紀後半の寛政改革により賭博系統のかるた類が全面的に禁止されたため，その代用品として賭博系かるたの主流である〈天正かるた〉と，教育系かるたの流れをひく〈花鳥合せ〉とを折衷して創作されたとする説が有力である。天正かるたは，16世紀後半ポルトガル渡来のカルタを模して作られたもので，江戸時代に庶民に広まり，〈よみ〉〈めくり〉などと呼ばれて賭博に用いられたため，江戸幕府は寛政改革の以前にも，またそれ以後にも再三禁令を出したが，隠密裏に行われ生き続けた。…

※「花鳥合せ」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報