Goose

…During this time, large-scale banking and warehousing businesses became independent, but brokerages and warehouses, grain stores, department stores, and other businesses continued to exist as brokers and wholesalers, with individual gaigangs under their umbrella. After the Song dynasty, when the system of license and gaigang tax was established, patents called gacho were issued in the Ming and Qing dynasties to distinguish them from private gaigangs. The public gaigangs of Guangdong are also considered to be a form of gaigang that developed in the mutual market. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Kabushikigajo" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…この間，大口の銀行業，倉庫業は独立したが，仲買と倉庫を兼ねる客桟（きやくさん）ほか，穀物店＝粮店（りようてん），百貨店＝貨店などが仲買卸商として存続し，傘下に個別の牙行を抱えた。宋代以後，牙行を鑑札制で統制し，牙契税を徴する制度ができると，牙帖という特許証が明･清で発行され，私牙と区別された。広東の公行も互市場に発達した牙行の一形態とみられる。…

※「牙帖」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報