Principle of Virtual Work - The Problem of Virtual Work

Japanese: 仮想仕事の原理 - かそうしごとのげんり
Principle of Virtual Work - The Problem of Virtual Work

The principle of mechanics that describes the relationship between the forces acting on each mass when a set of masses, i.e. a system of masses, is in equilibrium. It was derived by J. Bernoulli in 1717 using Newton's laws of motion.

When a mass point moves on a horizontal plane under the action of gravity, a force in the vertical upward direction acts on the mass point in addition to gravity. This force acts to restrict the movement of the mass point on the plane and is called the restricting force. Generally, in addition to the external force F i , a restricting force F' i acts on the mass point of a mass point system. Here, i is the subscript that represents each mass point. Now, let us consider that, without changing the forces F i and F' i acting on each mass point, a small force is further added, and as a result, each mass point is slightly displaced in the x , y , and z directions. This displacement is called a virtual displacement. In this case, the total work performed by the mass point system is zero. Also, since the restricting force is planar and therefore perpendicular to the displacement, it does no work on the mass point system. As a result, we obtain a relational equation that only involves external forces, in which the sum of the work of external forces is zero. This relational equation is the principle of virtual work. If the virtual displacements of the equilibrium masses are Δ x i , Δ y i , Δ z i and the number of masses is n , the principle of virtual work is

is given by:

[Hajime Tanaka]

[References] | Laws of motion | Point mass | D'Alembert's principle | Bernoulli

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

質点の集まり、すなわち質点系が平衡な状態にあるとき、各質点に働く力の関係を与える力学の原理。J・ベルヌーイが1717年にニュートンの運動の法則を用いて導いた。

 質点が重力の作用を受けて水平面上を運動しているときには、この質点には重力のほかに鉛直上方に向く力が働いている。この力は、質点の運動を平面上に束縛する働きをしており、束縛力という。一般に質点系の質点には、外からの力Fiのほかに、束縛力F'iが作用している。ここでiは各質点を表す添え字である。いま、各質点に働く力FiF'iとを変えないで、小さな力をさらに加えた結果、各質点は、xyz方向にわずかだけ変位したと考えることにする。この変位を仮想変位という。このとき質点系が受ける仕事全体はゼロである。また、束縛力は平面であり、したがって変位に垂直なので、質点系に対し仕事をしない。この結果、外力の仕事の総和がゼロであるという、外力のみの関係式が得られる。この関係式が仮想仕事の原理である。平衡各質点の仮想変位をΔxi,Δyi,Δzi、また、質点数をnとすれば、仮想仕事の原理は

で与えられる。

[田中 一]

[参照項目] | 運動の法則 | 質点 | ダランベールの原理 | ベルヌーイ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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