When a certain action causes a reaction in an organism, this refers to the minimum strength of that action required to cause a reaction. It is also called the limit value or "shikiichi." If the reaction is death, the limit of the lethal action is called the lethal threshold. For stimuli, it is called the stimulating threshold, and for sensory stimuli, it is called the visual threshold or auditory threshold depending on the type of sense. When the difference in the strength of a certain action, such as sound or light, becomes the stimulating effect and causes a certain reaction or sensation, the limit of that difference is called the discrimination threshold. In contrast, a general threshold that does not involve quantitative differences is called a simple threshold. The effect of a stimulus changes not only depending on its strength, but also on its duration and the rate of change of strength. In addition, in excitable membranes (cell membranes that generate action potentials), an action potential occurs when the membrane potential is depolarized to a certain value, and this value is called the threshold. [Akira Murakami] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ある作用によって生体に反応がおこる場合、反応をおこすのに必要なその作用の最小の強度をいう。また、限界値、または「しきいち」ともいわれる。反応が死である場合その致死作用の限界を致死閾という。刺激作用については刺激閾、感覚刺激についてはそれぞれの感覚の種によって視覚閾、聴覚閾などとよぶ。このうち、音や光のような、ある作用の強さの差が刺激効果となって、ある反応や感覚をおこす場合、その差の限界を識別閾という。これに対して、量的な差を問題としない一般の閾値に関するものは単純閾という。刺激の効果は、強度のほかに、その持続時間と、強度の変化率によって変化する。また興奮性膜(活動電位を発生する細胞の細胞膜)においては、膜電位が一定の値にまで脱分極すると活動電位が発生するが、その値を閾値という。 [村上 彰] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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