A method of execution used in Babylonia and ancient Israel. It was later adopted in Europe and North America. It is also called burning at the stake. Some burnings were designed to shorten the victim's suffering. A gunpowder container was attached to the victim, which exploded when heated, killing the victim instantly, or a chain was placed around the victim's neck, causing death by strangulation. During the Inquisition, Spanish heretics were burned at the stake, and in France, Joan of Arc was declared a heretic and burned at the stake in Rouen, France, in 1431. In 1555, Protestant bishops Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, and John Hooper were declared heretics and burned at the stake in England. Burning at the stake was also a traditional method of execution for women found guilty of witchcraft (→ witch hunts). In England, the practice of burning heretics at the stake ended with the death of Edward Wightman in 1612, but burnings for crimes other than heresy continued into the 18th century. In Japan, burning at the stake was also used in the Edo period as a punishment for arson (→ Yaoya Oshichi) and in the oppression of Christians (→ Genna Daimartyrdom). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
バビロニアや古代イスラエルで行なわれた処刑法の一つ。のちにヨーロッパや北アメリカでも採用された。焚刑(ふんけい),火焙(ひあぶり)ともいう。一部の火刑では,受刑者の苦しみを短くする仕掛けが用意された。火薬入り容器を受刑者に取り付け,熱せられると爆発して受刑者を即座に死にいたらしめたり,受刑者の首に鎖をかけ,首が絞まって死ぬような仕掛けもあった。宗教裁判の時代にはスペインの異端者が火刑を受け,フランスではジャンヌ・ダルクが異端と宣告され 1431年にフランスのルーアンで火刑に処せられた。1555年にはプロテスタントの主教,ヒュー・ラティマー,ニコラス・リドリー,ジョン・フーパーが異端と宣告され,イングランドで火刑に処せられた。また火刑は魔術を働いた罪で有罪とされた女性に対する伝統的な処刑方法だった(→魔女狩り)。イングランドでは,異端者の火刑は 1612年のエドワード・ワイトマンの死をもって終わったが,異端以外の罪での火刑は 18世紀に入っても続いた。日本でも,江戸時代の放火の罪に対する刑罰(→八百屋お七)やキリシタンの弾圧(→元和大殉教)などに火刑が用いられた例がある。
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