It refers to the cultivation of flowers and ornamental uses. The term "flowers" has been much debated in the past, but "flower" refers to herbaceous plants (flowering plants) and woody plants (flowering trees) that are appreciated for their flowers, while "flowers" refers to the appreciation of stems, leaves, and branches as well as flowers. The latter is often referred to as ornamental plants. The objects of appreciation include the whole plant (individual and collective) and cuttings, as well as the colors, shapes, and fragrances of flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, branches, and other things. Uses include cuttings in flower arrangements, flower arrangements, corsages, wreaths, potted plants with one or several plants in a container, flower beds that contribute to the aesthetics and education of the group, and plantings in squares, streets, parks, etc. The word "flower bed" mentioned above has been established for a long time, but it refers to a limited space surrounded by a frame. However, nowadays, even spaces without frameworks are being proactively planted with flowers, making use of expansive flat, spatial and three-dimensional spaces, and these are increasingly being referred to as flower spaces or floriscapes. Since ancient times, crops for food were given priority, with flowers being considered secondary, but later ornamental aspects were added, and in modern times, flower production and consumption have progressed to the point where they are even said to be a measure of a country's culture. In Japan, there have been flowers and greenery planted at Tokyo Disneyland, which opened in 1983 (Showa 58), flower exhibits at the National Urban Greening Fair held in the same year, flower exhibits at the International Garden and Greenery Exposition held in Osaka in 1990 (Heisei 2), the flower town development movement that was then rolled out nationwide, and the arrival of a gardening boom. [Yukio Kawakami] ClassificationFloriculture is classified as follows according to the purpose of cultivation and the method of use: [Yukio Kawakami] Commercial cultivationThis refers to the case where a person runs a flower farm as a full-time or side job to make a living. In the past, small-scale cultivation as a side job was the norm, but since the 1980s, reflecting the increase in demand, the trend for high quality and low prices, and the reduction of production costs, the selection of suitable production sites, the use of greenhouses, vinyl greenhouses, and refrigeration facilities, the development of growth control through electric lighting, blackout curtains, chemical treatments, and the addition of air transport, the focus has shifted remarkably to full-time cultivation. A notable trend since the 1990s has been the increase in the importation of flowers from subtropical regions such as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, southern Europe, and Central and South America, and the increase in domestic production each year. It is also expected that suitable cultivation sites will continue to move northward in Japan. Since the late 1990s, the spread of information about flowers has spread due to the spread of IT (information technology), and major changes are required in future consumer services. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly implement accurate scientific name indication and unify Japanese name pronunciation. It is essential that organizations and individuals from the fields of horticulture, landscaping, and plants work together to solve this problem comprehensively. [Yukio Kawakami] Hobby GardeningThis refers to the cultivation of flowers at home as a hobby. People find that the process of cultivating and appreciating flowers soothes the soul and is reflected in their daily lives. In addition, by experiencing the seasonal growth of plants, people can gain an understanding of the workings of nature, which is the pinnacle of hobby cultivation, and they can feel in harmony with nature and gain a sense of spiritual fulfillment. [Yukio Kawakami] Public UseThis refers to cases where trees are planted in parks, botanical gardens, plazas, slopes, unused land, road spaces, forest spaces, etc., for a variety of purposes, including landscape composition, education, research, and recreation, aimed at a large number of people, and the importance of this area has been increasingly recognized in recent years. [Yukio Kawakami] historyJapanThe history of floriculture in Japan can be traced back to the Nara period. In the Manyoshu, there are poems and songs that explicitly mention garden planting, such as "my inn, my garden." The flowers that the Manyo poets wrote about amounted to about 160 species, including native Japanese bush clover, cherry blossom, maple, Chinese tachibana, azalea, mountain lilies, bamboo lilies, Japanese quince, primrose, and Japanese eupatorium, as well as imported weeping willow, Chinese chinaberry, Japanese laurel tree, and cockscomb. The diverse court literature that was created during the Heian period, especially The Pillow Book and The Tale of Genji, each contain over 100 species of plants and flowers that are described as seasonal scenes. Many garden-planted flowers are also illustrated in the Tale of Genji Illustrated Scroll. People of the imperial court planted a wide variety of these plants in the front gardens of their buildings or in their courtyards, allowing them to be enjoyed in all four seasons. During the Kamakura period, the custom of appreciating bonsai was introduced to Japan by many monks who traveled to Song China and Yuan China, along with new schools of Buddhism (Jodo and Zen), thought, literature, art, and other culture. During the Muromachi period, bonsai was highly valued among the ruling class, and is even mentioned in the score of the Noh play "Hachi no Ki" as a favorite of local samurai. The eighth shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimasa, was passionate about the arts and crafts, including Chinese art (cultural artifacts from the continent), tea ceremony (sajiri), ink painting, standing flower arrangement (the old name for ikebana), gardening, bonsai, suiseki, bonkei, and bankei. The popularity of Tachibana gave birth to such masters as Ikenobo Senkei (first generation, birth and death years unknown), Yamashina Tokikuni (1452-1503), Ryuami, and Daiami, and also encouraged the production and collection of flower materials and the search for new flowers, leading to the promotion of floriculture. The three Shoguns of the Edo Shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu, had an unparalleled love of flowers, which inspired daimyo and hatamoto to follow them and offer unusual flowers as tributes, and this was further exacerbated by the interactions between the daimyo as a result of their alternate attendance system. After the reign of the fourth shogun, Ietsuna, common people who had more financial means began to take up flower cultivation, and so camellias appeared in the Kan'ei era, peonies, azaleas, and satsuki trees in the Genroku era, chrysanthemums and maples in the Kyoho era, Japanese laurels in the Kansei era, cherry blossoms and primroses, as well as morning glories and lilies in the Bunka and Bunsei eras, variegated plants and leaf substitutes, pine orchids, amplexicaules, and Dendrobiums in the Bunsei and Tenpo eras, and asagao varieties in the Kaei and Ansei eras. As a result, a wide variety of flowers were established that characterize Japanese horticulture worldwide, and a wide variety of gardening books were published. One of these gardening books, Kinseijufubetsuroku (1830), edited by Choseisha Shujin (real name Kurihara Nobumitsu, 1794-1870), is a book that explains how to grow bonsai and garden trees and introduces famous large trees from around the country, and vividly describes the state of affairs during the Bunka and Bunsei eras, when people from feudal lords to commoners rushed around in search of "golden trees," trees with rare flowers and unusual shapes, in the hopes of making a fortune overnight. Many gardening books also included rare and unusual species found in remote mountains and remote islands, and the background to this was the rise of botany (present-day systematic taxonomy). During the Bunsei period, flower arranging spread not only among nobles and samurai but also among townspeople. As a result, the production and collection of flower materials became more organized, and new ideas were developed, such as early-arrival arbores, brick arbores, hole arbores, and frame hotbeds for overwintering, as well as running water from dug wells and late-arrival arbores that utilize the cool temperature of wells. Due to the policy of modernization and enlightenment put forward by the new Meiji government, many traditional flowers, together with artworks and other things, were wiped out by the wave of Westernization and the decline of enthusiasts. On the other hand, Westerners highly valued the unique Japanese flowers, which led the Japanese to rediscover them, and a great deal of cultural heritage was narrowly saved from the threat of disappearance. In the early Meiji period, the first glass greenhouses in Japan were built by Westerners, and the cultivation of tropical orchids and ornamental plants also began. Large-scale commercial cultivation began in the middle of the Taisho period, when the demand for potted cyclamens, cut roses and carnations, etc., suddenly increased, and large, specialized greenhouses were erected in Denenchofu, a hothouse village on the banks of the Tama River. After the Second World War, when people's lives became more affluent, the cultivation and use of flowers spread to various aspects such as commercial, hobby, and public use, and the guidance and research that supports this development have progressed remarkably. [Yukio Kawakami] foreign countryIts development abroad dates back to the Greek and Roman era. In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus visits the garden of Alcinous, King of the Phaeacians, which is said to be an enclosed green garden filled with bright red apples, and it is said that this king may have been a legendary pioneer of horticulture. The garden is said to have been located on the island of Cork in Italy. A mural from Crete around 1600 BC shows a garden and park, with irises, crocuses, and other plants. Theophrastus, born around 373 BC, is said to be the father of botany, but he was also an actual horticulturist. In the 1st century, Dioscorides introduced various trees, herbs, and fruit trees in his De materia medica . His description of irises in particular is said to be excellent. This book continued to have a strong influence even after the Renaissance. It is said that in the 13th century, Marco Polo of Venice stayed in China for many years and acquired horticultural techniques. In the 16th century, Cortes conquered Mexico, and according to records from that time, there were gardens with many trees, flowers, orchids, roses, and terraces. According to these records, Mexican gardens had medicinal herbs, flowers, and aromatic trees that were not found in Europe. Dahlias, zinnias, marigolds, cosmos, and orchids, which are native to Mexico, were later imported to Europe as flowers. For example, the French species of marigolds were introduced to Europe in 1573 and the African species in 1596, while the former species was introduced to Japan in 1684 (Jokyo 1) and the latter species during the Kan'ei era (1624-1644). Even today, these two original species are preserved and cultivated in the Linnaean Garden in Uppsala, Sweden. In 1597, John Gerard (1545-1612) published his own herbal book. He served Elizabeth I and had a large collection of horticultural species. Famous ones were marigolds, the first hyacinths from the Orient, anemones from southern Europe, gladioli, and lilacs. One of the oldest botanical gardens in the world is the Botanical Garden of the University of Padua near Venice, Italy (founded in 1545), through which early hyacinths and tulips were introduced to Europe up until the 18th century. A species of Magnolia from North America was also planted there as early as 1750. In 1635, a Physician's Garden was established in France, which was the precursor to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. The 1621 catalogue of the Oxford University Botanical Garden in England listed a rich variety of 1,600 types of flowers, with a particularly good selection of primulas. This shows just how high the level of floricultural techniques was. The Chelsea Physic Garden in England, founded in 1673, also contributed greatly to the development of floriculture, and produced one of the most outstanding horticulturists, Philip Miller (1691-1771). Miller was the first person to place importance on hydroponic cultivation of bulbs and pollination by insects, and he also sent seeds from cotton that grew wild in the garden to Georgia, making modern-day America a cotton country. The Royal Botanic Gardens of Edinburgh, founded around 1670 as a medicinal herb garden, published a catalogue of 2,000 species of plants in its gardens in 1683, laying the foundations for the gardens as pioneers in horticulture. Later, the gardens imported many alpine plants as well as plants of the Primula, Gentian, lilies, and Rhododendron genera, mainly from China, making a great contribution to the development of floriculture. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on the outskirts of London, became known to the world in 1759 when Queen Augusta, mother of George III, built a vast royal garden as the foundation of a botanical garden. Since then, many horticulturists have come from the gardens, and even today it remains a center for recording and introducing horticultural plants around the world. The famous William Aiton (1731-1793) founded the magazine "Hortus cuensis" (Flora of Kew), which was first published in 1789. The book's great historical value comes from the detailed records of the dates of plants that were introduced. The Botanical Magazine (called Q Magazine from 1984 to 1994, and changed its name to the original Botanical Magazine in 1995), founded by William Curtis (1746-1799), is packed with full-color illustrations and, along with Q-ensis, is still in continuous publication today and can be considered a valuable source of floriculture literature. In modern times, advanced horticulture has developed, as seen in the example of tulips in the Netherlands, and new varieties of roses have been bred in England, France, Germany, and the United States, as well as improvements in flowers such as carnations, chrysanthemums, and dahlias. The annual progress and development of events such as the Chelsea Flower Show in England and Floriade in the Netherlands are also remarkable. Today, with the development of various facilities and equipment, and rapid advances in fields such as biology and genetic engineering, tissue culture and hydroponic cultivation of horticultural plants have become commonplace, and it is hoped that in the near future it will be possible to create groundbreaking new varieties through gene fusion and other techniques. [Yukio Kawakami] Flower production trendsFlower production in Japan had been carried out on a small scale before World War II, but it was after the war that it began to spread in earnest. Flower cultivation began in urban suburbs close to consumption areas, and in warm areas with warm winters and highland areas with cool summers. At first, flowers were mainly grown outdoors, but around 1953 (Showa 28), vinyl was developed and vinyl greenhouses became widespread, and glass greenhouses were also added, leading to an increase in greenhouse horticulture. In the 1960s, the demand for flowers increased due to the growth of the Japanese economy and the stabilization of people's lives. With the government's flower promotion policy and the guidance and support of agricultural organizations, efforts were made to develop flower-producing areas nationwide, and flower-producing industries continued to grow as a growing industry within agriculture and horticulture. Large-scale production areas, such as collective production areas where producers were brought together by guidance organizations such as agricultural cooperatives (JA) and production area associations by producers, were developed around the country, and a joint selection and sales system was established in which flowers were graded by quality, packed, and shipped together. As a result of this large amount of flowers being shipped from each production area to large cities, large central wholesale markets were established in major consumer cities such as Tokyo and Osaka. The national flower production value in 1964 was 14.6 billion yen, but in 1980 it reached 156.5 billion yen, and in 1998 (Heisei 10), it reached 634.6 billion yen. In 1998, the breakdown of Japan's flower production was 42% cut flowers, 17% potted plants, 35% flowering trees, and 1.2% flower bed seedlings. During this time, technology has advanced rapidly worldwide, and the production system for flowers has changed significantly. In particular, tissue culture, which is the mass propagation of individuals from cell tissue in a sterile manner, became widespread around 1970, and aseptic seedlings can be supplied for short-term mass propagation of gerberas, limoniums, and ornamental plants, making cultivation easier. In addition, the cell-molded seedling production system (plug seedling system) is a system that automatically sows seeds in cell trays and automates the sowing and raising of seedlings, dramatically improving the propagation and raising of seedlings in floriculture, and separating the work of raising seedlings from finishing cultivation. Furthermore, the development of the floriculture industry has led to the development of new varieties. In addition to conventional breeding techniques, new molecular breeding is being used to develop varieties with new flower colors by recombining genes between different species. One example is the blue carnation developed by Suntory in 1995. Many flower varieties are first generation hybrids ( F1 ), but some vegetatively propagated flowers, such as carnations and gerberas, that can be propagated using parts of the plant body, are now protected worldwide by intellectual property rights, such as registered varieties (commonly known as patent varieties) that protect the breeder's rights. The background to this is the globalization of flower production. Around 1980, major international cut flower producing areas were established in developing countries such as Colombia in South America and Kenya in Africa, and the former began to export large amounts of cut flowers to North America and the latter to Europe throughout the year. In recent years, international flower producing areas have also been established in neighboring China, Korea, and Southeast Asian countries, posing a threat to Japanese flower producers. Flower production in Japan had continued to grow along with demand, but with the collapse of the bubble economy in 1990, commercial demand for flowers dropped drastically. As a result, casual flowers that the general public could buy at reasonable prices were proposed in order to increase household consumption. At the same time, household consumption began to grow, and around 1995, a gardening boom arrived. Gardening changed from the traditional hobby of growing flowers and vegetables to gardening that allows you to decorate your home and life with flowers and greenery, and the driving force behind this change was young people, including women. English gardens, container flowers, hanging baskets, etc. also became popular. It is said that Safinia, which Suntory released in 1989, also triggered this boom. This led to an increase in demand for flower bed seedlings, and the flower business at mass retailers such as home centers and garden centers also developed. Of course, flower bed seedling production also increased in various places. As we enter the 21st century, floriculture is expected worldwide to develop into an industry that contributes to the conservation of the global environment and the formation of landscapes. [Tsurushima Hisao] The Latest Encyclopedia of Gardening, ed. The Editorial Committee for the Latest Encyclopedia of Gardening, 13 volumes (1982-1984, Seibundo Shinkosha) ▽ Tsukamoto Yotaro, Floriculture General Theory, 21st edition (1992, Youkendo) ▽ Kawakami Yukio, Floral Gardening - Floriscape of Urban Space (1996, Economic Research Institute) ▽ Tsurushima Hisao, New Edition of Floriculture Handbook, 7th edition (2000, Youkendo) ▽ Yamada Sachiko, 12 Months of Flower Gardening Work - Gardening Calendar (2000, Kodansha) ▽ Okawa Kiyoshi, Floriculture General Theory, Revised edition (2009, Youkendo) [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
花卉の栽培から観賞に即した利用までをいう。花卉の語句は従来いろいろと論議されてきたが、「花」は花を観賞する草本(草花)と木本(花木)を、「卉」は花に限らず、茎葉、枝条をも観賞する場合をさす。後者の範囲は観賞植物ということが多い。観賞の対象は、全植物体(個体と集合体)や切り枝などにつき、花、果実、茎葉、枝条その他の色彩、形状、香気などに及び、また利用は、切り枝によるいけ花、盛り花、コサージュ、花輪、一ないし数個体を器物に植える鉢物、集団の美観や教育に役だてる花壇、広場、街路、公園などへの植栽にわたる。前述の花壇ということばは長く定着してきたが、これは枠に囲まれ、限られた一部のスペースをさした。しかし現在では枠組みのないスペースも積極的に花を植え、広がりのある平面・空間・立体利用がされるようになり、花スペース、フロリスケープなどと表現されることが多くなりつつある。古代から食糧となる作物が第一で、花卉は副次的とされていたが、その後観賞の面が加わり、現代では、花卉の生産と消費が一国の文化を測る尺度であるとさえいわれるほどに進展した。日本では1983年(昭和58)開園の東京ディズニーランドに植えられた花と緑、同年から行われている全国都市緑化フェアの花展示、1990年(平成2)に大阪で開催された国際花と緑の博覧会での花展示と、その後全国で展開された花のまちづくり運動、そしてガーデニングブームの到来があった。 [川上幸男] 分類花卉園芸は栽培の目的と利用の方途によって、次のように分類される。 [川上幸男] 営利栽培生計をたてるため、専業または副業として経営する場合をさす。かつては副業としての小規模栽培が主体を占めていたが、1980年代からは、需要の増大、良質・安価を求める動向、生産費の低減化などを反映して、生産適地の選定、温室やビニルハウス・冷蔵施設の活用、電灯照明・暗幕被覆・薬剤処理その他による生育調節が進展し、また空輸も加わって、専業化は目覚ましく進んできた。1990年代以降の傾向として、日本では南アフリカ、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、南ヨーロッパ、中・南米など亜熱帯地域の花が輸入され、国内生産ともに年々増加していることが注目に値しよう。また国内においても栽培適地の北上がますます進んでいくと予想されている。1990年代末からはIT(情報技術)の普及により花に関する情報が広がり、今後の消費者サービスに大きな変化を求められている。それゆえ的確な学名表示の徹底と和名呼称の統一が迫られていよう。園芸、造園、植物各界の団体・個人が総合的にこの問題を解決することが肝要である。 [川上幸男] 趣味園芸趣味として家庭で栽培する場合をいう。人々は花卉の栽培と観賞の過程で心がいやされ、生活に反映されるようになっている。また季節を追う生育状態に接して、自然の仕組みを体得し、そこに、趣味栽培の極致ともいうべき、自然との融和を感じ取り、精神的充足感が得られる。 [川上幸男] 公共利用多数の人々を対象に、景観構成、教育、研究、慰楽などにわたる多様な目的をもたせて、公園、植物園、広場、斜面、遊休地、道路空間、森林空間などに植栽する場合であり、近年、その方面の重要性が一段と認められてきた。 [川上幸男] 歴史日本日本における花卉園芸の歴史は奈良時代にさかのぼることができる。『万葉集』には、「わが屋戸(やど)(宿)、わが庭前(にわ)」などとして、庭植えを明示した詩や歌が散見される。万葉人が詠み込んだ花卉は、日本原産のハギ、サクラ、カエデ、タチバナ、ツツジ、ヤマユリ、ササユリ、ボケ、サクラソウ、フジバカマ、渡来したシダレヤナギ、センダン、セキチク、ケイトウその他で、約160種に上る。平安時代に成立した多彩な王朝文学、とりわけ『枕草子(まくらのそうし)』と『源氏物語』にはそれぞれ100種に余る草木や花卉が四季の風物詩的に記されている。『源氏物語絵巻』にも庭植えの多くの花卉が図写された。王朝人はそれらの多種多様な草木を殿舎の前栽(せんざい)や壺(つぼ)(中庭)などに配植して、四季の眺めとした。 鎌倉時代には、入宋(にっそう)・入元した多数の僧侶(そうりょ)によって、仏教の新派(浄土宗、禅宗)、思想、文学、芸術その他の文化とともに、盆栽賞玩(しょうがん)の風習が導入された。室町時代にも盆栽は支配階層の間で珍重され、能楽『鉢の木』の曲譜にも郷士の好尚として取り上げられている。8代将軍足利義政(あしかがよしまさ)は、唐物(からもの)(大陸の文物)、茶事(さじ)、水墨画(すいぼくが)、立花(たてはな)(いけ花の古名)、作庭、盆栽、水石、盆景、盤景などの数奇(すき)に凝った。立花の流行は池坊(いけのぼう)専慶(初代、生没年不詳)、山科言国(やましなときくに)(1452―1503)、立阿弥(りゅうあみ)、台阿弥などの名手を生み、また花材の生産と集荷、新花の探索を促して花卉園芸の振興につながった。 江戸幕府の将軍徳川家康、秀忠(ひでただ)、家光(いえみつ)3代の無類の花好きは、大名、旗本の追随、奇花の献上を誘発し、参勤交代に伴った大名相互の交流がこれに拍車をかけた。4代家綱(いえつな)の治世以降、生活に余裕をもつようになった庶民も花卉を手がけるようになり、寛永(かんえい)のツバキ、元禄(げんろく)のボタン、ツツジ、サツキ、享保(きょうほう)のキク、カエデ、寛政(かんせい)のカラタチバナ、サクラ、サクラソウ、文化(ぶんか)の変化アサガオ、ユリ、文化・文政(ぶんかぶんせい)の斑入(ふいり)物、葉替り物、文政・天保(てんぽう)のマツバラン、フクジュソウ、セッコク、嘉永(かえい)・安政(あんせい)の変化アサガオなどが現れた。その結果、日本の園芸を世界的に特徴づける多彩な花卉が成立し、また多様な園芸書が版行された。その園芸書の一つ、長生舎主人(ちょうせいしゃしゅじん)(本名栗原信充(くりはらのぶみつ)、(1794―1870))編の『金生樹譜別録(きんせいじゅふべつろく)』(1830)は盆栽・庭樹の栽培法や各地の巨樹名木を解説した本であるが、そのなかには、文化・文政のころに大名から庶民に至るまでが、一攫(いっかく)千金の夢をかけて「金生樹(かねのなるき)」である珍花異木を求めて奔走した世情が如実に記されている。多くの園芸書は、辺地の山野、離島に産する希種、珍種をも収載したが、その背景には本草(ほんぞう)学(現在の系統分類学)の隆昌(りゅうしょう)があった。文政のころにはいけ花が公家(くげ)や武家ばかりでなく、町人の間にも広まった。その結果、花材の生産と集荷の組織化が進み、また、冬越し用の唐窖(からむろ)、煉瓦(れんが)窖、穴窖、フレーム温床や掘抜き井戸水の掛け流しなどによる早出し、冷温な井戸内を活用する晩(おそ)出しがくふうされた。 明治の新政府が打ち出した文明開化の施策により、伝統的な花卉の多くが、美術品その他とともに、欧風化の波、好事家の没落などによって消え去った。その反面、欧米人が日本独自の花卉を高く評価したところから、日本人はそれらを再認識することになり、文化遺産のかなりのものが、からくも消滅の危機を免れた。明治初期には、日本で最初のガラス温室が西欧人によって建てられ、熱帯性のランや観葉植物の栽培も始められた。大規模な営利栽培は、大正の中ごろ、シクラメンの鉢物、バラとカーネーションの切り花などの需要が急増したのを受けて、温室村で知られた多摩川畔の田園調布に専業の大温室が林立したところから始まった。第二次世界大戦後、人々の生活が豊かになってからは、花卉の栽培と利用は、営利、趣味、公共利用の多様な面に行き渡り、その展開を裏づける指導と研究も目覚ましく進んできた。 [川上幸男] 外国外国における発達はギリシア・ローマ時代にさかのぼる。ホメロスの『オデュッセイア』では、オデュッセウスがフェイシアンの王アルキノオスの庭を訪れているが、その庭は囲まれた緑の園で、真っ赤なリンゴが輝いていたというから、この王が伝説的な園芸のパイオニアではないかといわれている。この園はいまのイタリアのコーク島にあったという。紀元前1600年ごろのクレタ島の壁画には、庭と公園があり、アイリス、クロッカスなどが見える。前373年ごろに生まれたテオフラストスは植物学の父といわれるが、実際に園芸家でもあった。1世紀にはディオスコリデスが『薬物誌』De materia medicaでいろいろな木、草、果樹などを紹介した。とくにアイリスの記述はすばらしいといわれている。この書はルネサンスの時代を経てもなお強い影響力をもった。 13世紀にはベネチアのマルコ・ポーロが長年中国に滞在して園芸技術を修得していたのではないかといわれている。16世紀にはコルテスがメキシコを征服し、その際の記録によると、多数の樹木、草花、ラン、バラやテラスのある庭があった。これによると、メキシコの庭にはヨーロッパにはないような薬草、花卉、芳香木などがあった。メキシコ原産のダリア、ヒャクニチソウ、マリーゴールド、コスモス、ランなどは後年ヨーロッパへ花卉として移入された。たとえば、マリーゴールドはフレンチ種が1573年に、アフリカン種が1596年にヨーロッパへ、日本へは前種が1684年(貞享1)、後種が寛永年間(1624~1644)に渡来している。今でもスウェーデンのウプサラにあるリンネガーデンには、この二つの原種が保全・栽植されている。 1597年にはジョン・ジェラルドJohn Gerard(1545―1612)が独自の本草書を出した。彼はエリザベス1世に仕えて多くの園芸種のコレクションをもっていた。マリーゴールド、東洋産の最初のヒヤシンス、南ヨーロッパ産のアネモネ、グラジオラス、ライラックなどが有名である。 世界でもっとも古い植物園の一つはイタリアのベネチアの近くにあるパドバ大学植物園(1545年創設)であるが、18世紀に至る間、初期のヒヤシンスやチューリップなどがこの植物園を通じてヨーロッパ各地に紹介された。北アメリカからのモクレン属の一種も1750年には植えられていた。1635年にはフランスにパリ植物園の前身の薬草園ができた。 1621年のイギリスのオックスフォード大学植物園のカタログには1600に及ぶバラエティーに富んだ草花の種類が載っており、とくにプリムラなどはよくそろっていた。いかに花卉園芸の技術の水準が高かったかがうかがい知れる。1673年創立のイギリスのチェルシー薬草園も花卉園芸の発達に大いに貢献し、とくに優れた園芸家フィリップ・ミラーPhilip Miller(1691―1771)を生んだ。ミラーは球根の水耕栽培や昆虫による受粉を重視した最初の人であり、園内の自生のワタの種子をジョージア州に送り、現代のアメリカをワタの国にまでした人でもある。1670年ごろ、薬草園として創立のエジンバラ王立植物園も1683年に園内植物2000種のカタログを出し、園芸のパイオニアとしての基礎をつくり、のちに多くの高山植物やプリムラ属、リンドウ属、ユリ属、シャクナゲ属などを主として中国から取り寄せ、花卉園芸の発達に大いに貢献した。 ロンドン郊外のキュー王立植物園は1759年にジョージ3世の母、オーガスタ皇太妃が広大な王室の庭を植物園の基礎として築いたことから世に知られるようになったが、その後多くの園芸家が輩出し、現在でも世界の園芸植物の記録や紹介の中心となっている。有名なウィリアム・アイトンWilliam Aiton(1731―1793)が創刊した『ホルトス・キューエンシス』(キュー植物譜)は1789年に初めて刊行された。この本の歴史的価値が高いのは、移入された植物の日付を克明に記していることにある。ウィリアム・カーチスWilliam Curtis(1746―1799)が創刊した『ボタニカル・マガジン』(1984年~1994年は『キュー・マガジン』、1995年に元の『ボタニカル・マガジン』と誌名変更)は原色図入りの記載で、『キューエンシス』とともに現在でも連綿として続刊されている花卉園芸の貴重な文献といえよう。 現代ではオランダのチューリップの例でみられるような高度の園芸が発達し、イギリス、フランス、ドイツ、アメリカなどのバラの新品種の育成、カーネーション、キク、ダリアなどの花卉の改良が進んだ。定期的に開催されるイギリスのチェルシー・フラワー・ショーやオランダのフロリアードなど年ごとの進歩発展の姿も著しい。 今日では各種の施設、設備の発達と、生物学、遺伝子工学などの急速な進歩に伴い、花卉園芸植物の組織培養、水耕栽培などが一般化され、近い将来には遺伝子融合などによる画期的な新品種創出が夢みられている。 [川上幸男] 花卉の生産動向日本の花卉生産は第二次世界大戦前からわずかに行われていたが、本格的に生産が広まったのは戦後である。消費地に近い都市近郊と冬季温暖な暖地、夏季冷涼な高冷地から花卉の栽培が始まった。最初は露地栽培が主であったが、1953年(昭和28)ころビニルが開発されてビニルハウスが普及し、さらにガラス温室も加わり施設園芸が増加した。 1960年代に入ると、日本の経済成長と国民生活の安定により花卉の需要も増加し、国の花卉振興対策や農業団体の指導援助もあって全国的に花卉産地の育成に力を注ぎ、農園芸のなかでも成長産業として伸び続けた。栽培の多い切り花を中心に、国内各地に農業協同組合(JA)などの指導団体が生産者をまとめた集団産地や、生産者による産地組合などいわゆる大型産地が育成されて共同で品質別に格付けして荷造りし、出荷する共選共販体制が出現した。このように産地別に大量の花卉が大都市に出荷されるため、取引する卸売市場も、大型化した中央卸売市場が東京都や大阪府など、消費の中心都市に生まれた。1964年の全国の花卉生産額は146億円であったが、1980年には1565億円、1998年(平成10)には6346億円に達している。1998年における日本の花卉生産の内訳は切り花が42%、鉢物が17%、花木類が35%、花壇苗は1.2%などである。 この間、世界的に技術も急速に進歩し、花卉の生産体制も大きく変わってきた。なかでも細胞組織から個体を無菌的に大量増殖する組織培養が1970年ころから普及し、ガーベラ、リモニウム、観葉植物などは短期大量増殖で無菌苗が供給され、栽培が容易になった。また、セル成形苗生産システム(プラグ苗システム)はセルトレイに自動的に播種(はしゅ)し、育苗する播種育苗を自動化したシステムで花卉栽培の繁殖育苗を画期的に改善し、育苗と仕上げ栽培を分業化した。さらに花卉産業の発達により、新しい品種の開発も進んだ。従来の育種技術に加え新しい分子育種では異種間の遺伝子を組み替えることで新花色の品種が開発されている。1995年にサントリーが開発した青いカーネーションなどはその例である。また花卉の多くの品種は一代雑種(F1)品種になるが、カーネーション、ガーベラなどの植物体の一部分を用いて殖やすことのできる栄養繁殖系花卉のなかには育成者の権利が保護される登録品種(一般にパテント品種などともいう)など知的財産権で世界的に権利が保護されるようになった。この背景には花卉生産のグローバル化がある。南米のコロンビアやアフリカのケニアなど開発途上国を中心に国際的な切り花大産地が1980年ころから生まれ、前者は北米、後者はヨーロッパへ多量の切り花を周年輸出するようになった。また近年は日本近隣の中国、韓国、東南アジア各国にも国際花卉産地が育成されて日本の花卉生産者に脅威を与えている。 需要とともに伸び続けた日本の花卉生産も、1990年のバブル経済の崩壊により花の業務需要などが極度に落ち込んだ。そのため、もっと家庭消費を増やすため一般の人々が手ごろな値段で買えるようなカジュアルフラワーが提唱された。同時期に家庭消費が伸びだし、1995年ころにはガーデニングブームが到来した。従来の花や野菜などを育て楽しむ趣味の園芸から、花や緑で演出して住まいや暮らしを楽しむガーデニングに変わり、女性を含む若い層がその牽引(けんいん)力になったことが特色である。また、イングリッシュ・ガーデンやコンテナフラワー、ハンギング・バスケットなどが普及した。サントリーが1989年に発売したサフィニアもこれらのブームの引き金になったともいわれている。これにより花壇苗の需要が伸び、ホームセンターやガーデンセンターなどの量販店のフラワービジネスも発展した。もちろん花壇苗生産も各地に増加した。 21世紀に入って花卉園芸も、地球環境の保全や景観形成に寄与する産業に発展するものとして世界的に期待されている。 [鶴島久男] 『最新園芸大辞典編集委員会編『最新園芸大辞典』全13巻(1982~1984・誠文堂新光社)』▽『塚本洋太郎著『花卉総論』第21版(1992・養賢堂)』▽『川上幸男著『花の造園――都市空間のフロリスケープ』(1996・経済調査会)』▽『鶴島久男著『新編花卉園芸ハンドブック』第7版(2000・養賢堂)』▽『山田幸子著『12カ月花づくり庭しごと――ガーデニングカレンダー』(2000・講談社)』▽『大川清著『花卉園芸総論』改訂版(2009・養賢堂)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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