Cardano - Girolamo Cardano

Japanese: カルダーノ - かるだーの(英語表記)Girolamo Cardano
Cardano - Girolamo Cardano

Italian Renaissance physician, naturalist philosopher, and mathematician. Born as an illegitimate child in Pavia near Milan, he had a sad childhood due to his mother's unstable love. He studied in Pavia, Milan, and Padua, and taught medicine in Pavia, Milan, and Bologna. He became widely known in Europe as a mathematician due to the so-called "Cardano formula." He was imprisoned at the age of 70 and put on trial for heresy, but spent his later years in Rome.

His unique character can be seen in his Autobiography (1643), written in 1542 and published posthumously. He had a strong and wide-ranging desire for knowledge, and in addition to writings on astrology and magic, he also wrote the encyclopedic De Wonders (1550) and De Miscellany of Things (1557), which are major philosophical works that show the typical contradictions inherent in the Renaissance. From an animistic standpoint, on the one hand, he recognized the speculative value of magic in accordance with the Neoplatonic tradition, but on the other hand, he found the principle of life in matter itself and adopted an evolutionary view with humans at the pinnacle. Therefore, contrary to Aristotle, he moved toward an immanent and evolutionary view of nature by recognizing the active characteristics of matter, but on the other hand, he was forced to seek the unity of nature as an absolute unity in the supernatural principle of spirit, which led to a transcendental metaphysics of nature. It takes an Averroesian (Ibn Rushd) interpretation of the human soul.

[Keiji Otani]

In 1545, he published Artis magnae, sive de regulis algebraicis (On the Magnificent Art, That is, the Rules of Algebra), which includes Cardano's formula for cubic equations. This method was established by Tartaglia (Fontana), who taught it to Cardano on the condition that he would not teach it to others. However, he broke his promise and published it in the above-mentioned book, and it was named Cardano's formula because of the custom of naming things after the person who published them. Cardano's formula did not have a formula at the time, but is expressed in words, but if expressed in modern terms, the root of the cubic equation x 3 +px = q is

This shows that.

[Ken Kobori]

"The Book of My Life: The Extraordinary Life of a Renaissance Man" by Cardano, translated by Yasuzo Aoki and Emiko Enomoto (1980, Shakai Shisosha/1989, Gendai Kyoyo Bunko)""Autobiography of Cardano, translated by Taku Kiyose and Shigeo Sawai (1995, Heibonsha)"

[References] | Ibn Rushd | Cubic equations | Fontana

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリア・ルネサンス期の医学者、自然主義的哲学者、数学者。ミラノ近くのパビアに私生児として生まれ、母親の不安定な愛情のため、悲しい少年期を送る。パビア、ミラノ、パドバで学び、パビア、ミラノ、ボローニャで医学を教える。いわゆる「カルダーノの公式」によって数学者として広くヨーロッパに知られた。70歳で投獄、異端審問にかけられるが、晩年はローマで過ごした。

 その特異な性格は、1542年に書かれ死後出版された『自伝』(1643)にうかがわれる。きわめて旺盛(おうせい)で広範な知識欲をもち、占星術、魔術などに関する著作のほか、とくに哲学的な主著としては、百科全書ともいうべき『不思議について』(1550)、『事物の雑多について』(1557)があり、そこにはルネサンスに固有な矛盾が典型的な形で現れている。アニミズム的立場から、一方では新プラトン主義的伝統に従って、魔術のもつ思弁的価値を認めながら、他方、物質自体のなかに生命の原理をみいだし、人間を頂点とする進化論的な考えをとる。そのためアリストテレスに反し、物質に活動的な特徴を認めることによって、内在論的・進化論的自然観へと向かう一方、自然の絶対的な一つとしてのまとまりを、霊という超自然的原理に求めざるをえないことから、超越論的自然の形而上(けいじじょう)学にもなっている。人間の霊魂についてアベロエス(イブン・ルシュド)的解釈をとる。

[大谷啓治]

 1545年に『すばらしい技術、すなわちアルゲブラの規則について』Artis magnae, sive de regulis algebraicisを出版、このなかに三次方程式における「カルダーノの公式」がある。この方法はタルターリア(フォンタナ)が樹立した公式で、彼がカルダーノに、他人に教えないことを条件として教えたのであるが、その約束を破って上記の著書に公表してしまい、発表者の名をつける習慣から「カルダーノの公式」と名づけられた。カルダーノの公式は、その当時には式はなく、ことばで示されているが、現代の式で示すと、三次方程式x3+px=qの根が

であることを示したものである。

[小堀 憲]

『カルダーノ著、青木靖三・榎本恵美子訳『わが人生の書――ルネサンス人間の数奇な生涯』(1980・社会思想社/1989・現代教養文庫)』『清瀬卓・澤井繁男訳『カルダーノ自伝』(1995・平凡社)』

[参照項目] | イブン・ルシュド | 三次方程式 | フォンタナ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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