Hierarchy

Japanese: 階統制 - かいとうせい（英語表記）hierarchy

It refers to a pyramidal structure, order, and chain of personal relationships, organized into superior and subordinate relationships and ranked. It is used in two ways as a concept in social science. (1) It refers to a form of power relationship seen in the relationship between king, lord, vassal, and people in medieval society. The relationship of dominance and submission is considered to be a hierarchy of values, and an example of this is the status hierarchy seen in rural Japan. (2) It refers to a characteristic of the principles of modern large organizations. These large organizations have as their organizational principles a fixed distribution of duties, functional differentiation, and an organized chain of command, and are accompanied by a pyramidal structure of duties.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

上位，下位関係に整理し，序列づけられたピラミッド型の組織，秩序，個人的関係の連鎖をいう。社会科学上の概念として2つの系列に用いられる。 (1) 中世社会の国王－領主－家臣－領民の関係にみられる権力関係の一形態をさす。支配＝服従関係が価値の序列とみなされ，日本の農村にみられた身分階層制がその例である。 (2) 近代的巨大組織原理の一特徴をさす。この巨大組織は，職務の固定的分配と機能的分化，指揮命令系統の整序をその組織原理とし，職務のピラミッド型の体系を伴う。

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