Karle, Jerome

Japanese: カール(英語表記)Karle, Jerome
Karle, Jerome
Born June 18, 1918 in Brooklyn, New York
[Died] June 6, 2013. Annandale, Virginia. American crystallographer. Graduated from City College of New York in 1937. Earned a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Michigan in 1943. Worked on the Manhattan Project from 1943 to 1946, and later worked at the Naval Research Laboratory. In the late 1940s, he began collaborating with Herbert A. Hauptmann at the Naval Research Laboratory on crystal structure. They derived a mathematical formula to describe the arrangement of many points on a photographic film obtained by X-ray crystal diffraction (→ X-ray diffraction), which they published in 1949. This method was later used to determine the three-dimensional structures of thousands of small biological substances, including many hormones, vitamins, and antibiotics. In 1967, he became the Chief Scientist at the Naval Research Laboratory, where he continued his research until his retirement in 2009. In 1985, he and Hauptmann shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a mathematical method to infer the molecular structure of a compound from the patterns formed when X-rays are diffracted by a crystal.

curl
Curl, Robert F. Jr.

Born: August 23, 1933. Alice, Texas, USA. American chemist. Received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1957. After serving as an associate professor at Rice University in 1958, he became a professor there. In 1985, together with RE Smalley and HW Kroth, he conducted an experiment in which he used a laser to vaporize graphite to create new carbon molecules, and succeeded in creating C60, a soccer ball-like structure with carbon atoms at the vertices of a hexagon and pentagon. He named it "fullerene" after Buckminster Fuller, an architect famous for his dome structure. He then created C70 , which is shaped like a rugby ball. Eiji Osawa of Japan predicted the theoretical possibility of C60 in 1970. Fullerenes, which have very high symmetry and stable properties, have greatly advanced the field of chemistry, including superconducting materials and new composite materials. In 1996, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Smalley and Kroth.

curl
Kar; cirque

A type of glacial landform, the original language being a word from eastern Austria. Also called a cirque. A half-cup-shaped depression that develops at the head of a valley or on the slopes of mountains in glacial areas. As a result of strong glacial erosion, the sides are steeply sloping, while the bottom is gentler, and sometimes the reverse slope occurs. Deep fissures (bergschrunds) form near the upper edge of a cirque glacier, reaching the bottom and helping to weather and erode the bottom. In the Northern Hemisphere, they are common on the eastern and northern slopes of mountains due to the influence of sunlight and westerly winds. Lakes may develop at the bottom of the cirque, and moraines may develop at the ends. In Japan, they exist in the Hidaka Mountains and the Japanese Alps. (→ Glaciation)

curl
Cale (Cailler), Guillaume

[Raw]? Melo
[Died] June 1358, Clermont, France. Leader of the Jacquerie Revolt. Captured and executed by the army of Charles, King of Navarre.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1918.6.18. ニューヨーク,ブルックリン
[没]2013.6.6. バージニア,アナンデール
アメリカ合衆国の結晶学者。1937年ニューヨーク・シティ・カレッジを卒業。1943年にミシガン大学で物理化学の博士号を取得,1943~46年マンハッタン計画に参加し,その後海軍研究試験所で働いた。1940年代後半,海軍研究試験所でハーバート・A.ハウプトマンと結晶構造の研究で共同研究を始めた。彼らは,X線結晶回折(→X線回折)の結果得られる写真フィルムの多くの点の配置を記述する数式を導き,1949年に発表。その後,この方法を利用して多くのホルモン,ビタミン,抗生物質を含む数千もの低分子生体物質の三次元構造が決定された。1967年に海軍研究試験所の首席科学官となり,2009年に退官するまで研究生活を続けた。その間の 1985年,結晶によって X線が回折されたときに形成されるパターンから化合物の分子構造を推定する数学的方法を開発した功績によって,ハウプトマンとともにノーベル化学賞を受賞した。

カール
Curl, Robert F. Jr.

[生]1933.8.23. アメリカ,テキサス,アリス
アメリカの化学者。 1957年カリフォルニア大学バークリー校で博士号を取得。 58年ライス大学準教授などを経て,同教授。 85年 R.E.スモーリー,H.W.クロートとともに,黒鉛にレーザーを当てて気化させ新しい炭素分子を作り出す実験を行い,6角形と5角形の頂点に炭素原子をおいたサッカーボール状の構造をもつC60の生成に成功,ドーム構造で有名な建築家のバックミンスター・フラーにちなんで「フラーレン」と命名した。続いてラグビーボール状の C70 も生成。 C60 に関しては日本の大沢映二が 1970年にその理論的可能性を予言していた。非常に対称性が高く安定した性質をもつフラーレンは超伝導物質の材料や新しい複合材料など化学の分野を大きく発展させた。 96年スモーリー,クロートとともにノーベル化学賞を受賞。

カール
Kar; cirque

氷河地形の一種で,原語はオーストリア東部の言葉。圏谷ともいう。氷食地域の谷頭または山腹斜面に発達する半碗状の凹地。側壁は強い氷食の結果,急斜面をなし,底部は緩傾斜で,逆傾斜することもある。圏谷氷河の上縁付近に深い裂け目 (ベルグシュルント ) が生じ,底に達して底部の風化削剥を助ける。北半球では日射や西風の影響などで山地の東および北側斜面に多い。カール底に湖,末端にモレーンが発達する場合がある。日本では日高山脈,日本アルプスなどに存在する。 (→氷河作用 )  

カール
Cale(Cailler), Guillaume

[生]? メーロ
[没]1358.6. クレルモン
フランス,ジャックリーの乱の指導者。ナバール (ナバラ) 王シャルルの軍隊に捕えられ処刑された。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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