When comparing two or more languages (dialects), if there is a regular relationship between the sounds that make up the linguistic form of a morpheme or word, that is, a linguistic unit consisting of the association of sound and meaning, this is called a correspondence. The formalization of this phonological correspondence is called a phonological law. For example, the following correspondence can be seen between the Tokyo dialect and the Shuri dialect. 'ame (rain) = ʔami, kane (gold) = kani, ke (hair) = kii, te (hand) = tii, so e corresponds to i, and 'oto (sound) = ʔutu, kumo (cloud) = kumu, kokoro (heart) = kukuru, so o corresponds to u. In this way, even though they are called correspondences of sounds, they are actually correspondences of morphemes and words, so similarities and agreements that are separate from the phonological or grammatical systems are not considered to be correspondences in this sense. Both Latin and Japanese have five vowels, a, i, u, e, and o, but this is an agreement only in the framework and not a correspondence between morphemes. The existence of correspondences between morphemes and words in which the relationship between sound and meaning is non-necessary is not a coincidence, and is strong evidence of the kinship between the languages that possess them. Grimm's Law in Indo-European languages is well known. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
2つあるいはそれ以上の言語 (方言) を比較した場合に,形態素や単語という言語形式,つまり音と意味の連合から成る言語単位において,その言語形式を構成している音の間に規則的な関係があるとき,これを対応という。この音韻対応を定式化したものを音韻法則という。東京方言と首里方言との間には,たとえば次のような対応がみられる。'ame (雨) =ʔami,kane (金) =kani,ke (毛) =kii,te (手) =tiiなどから,eにiが対応し'oto (音) =ʔutu,kumo (雲) =kumu,kokoro (心) =kukuruなどからoにuが対応する。このように,音の対応といっても実は形態素・単語の対応であるから,それを離れた音韻体系や文法体系の枠だけの類似・一致はこの意味での対応とはいわない。ラテン語と日本語はともにa,i,u,e,oの5母音をもつが,これは枠だけの一致で形態素の間の対応ではない。音と意味との関係が非必然的である形態素や単語に対応関係があるということは,偶然の一致とはいえず,それらを有する言語間に親族関係があることの有力な証拠となる。印欧語族におけるグリムの法則が有名。
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