...serfs could be freely sold, given away, mortgaged, or emigrated by their lords, and could be punished by the lords in court without limit (including exile to Siberia), and could be forced to marry. In addition to this personal servitude, serfs were economically obligated to pay tribute (obrok) or corvée (barshchina) in exchange for receiving land allotments, which were far more severe than the value of the allotted land. Tributes were paid in the form of agricultural and handicraft products, as well as by converting them into cash and by earning money from overseas work. From Russia…serfs were considered the property of the landlord and could be bought and sold, together with their families or apart from them. Apart from those who worked as servants on the landlord's estate, serfs generally owed the landlord corvée (barshchina) or tax (obrok). Corvée work on the landlord's fields could last more than four days a week. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Obrok" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…農奴は領主によって自由に売却,贈与,抵当,移住に付され,裁判においても領主から無制限な懲罰(シベリア流刑を含む)をうけ,結婚なども強制をうけることがあった。 農奴は,このような人格的隷属のほかに,経済的には,分与地を受け取る代りに,分与地の対価をはるかに超える厳しさで,貢租(オブローク)あるいは賦役(バールシチナ)の義務を負った。貢租は,農産物や手工業生産物などのほかに,それを換金して,また出稼ぎの貨幣所得によって納められた。… 【ロシア】より…農奴は地主の所有物とみなされ,家族ぐるみ,あるいは家族と切りはなされて,売買の対象になった。地主の屋敷で僕婢として働く者は別として,概して農奴は地主に対して賦役労働(バルシチナbarshchina)あるいは年貢(オブロークobrok)の義務を負っていた。地主の畑での賦役労働は週のうち4日以上に及ぶことがあった。… ※「オブローク」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
>>: Obrenović Dynasty - Obrenović
...The oldest of this group is the Placodermi, wh...
...Dutch painter. He introduced a new dimension t...
This refers to a sample with a thickness of 1 nm ...
A mountain range that runs roughly east-west along...
A pile of earth or stone on which a structure is t...
This hilly region occupies part of the Dewa Mount...
An artificially created reservoir that temporaril...
Machine production can be broadly divided into two...
…However, during the three centuries preceding th...
…[Tetsuichi Yahara]. … *Some of the terminology t...
A pond located to the east of Daikakuji Temple in...
…In the Byzantine Empire, basileus was used to me...
Lapis lazuli, also called lazurite, is a mineral ...
…Official name: Federal Republic of NigeriaArea: ...
An insect of the Mecoptera order, Mecoptera family...