Dutch astronomer. Born in Barneveld, he studied at the University of Utrecht. In 1875 he became a research associate at the Leiden Observatory, and in 1878 he became professor of astronomy and mechanics at the University of Groningen. In 1896 he collaborated with observatories around the world to carry out a systematic survey of star photographs, and in 1900 published the three volumes of the Cape Photographic Star Catalogue, using photographic plates by David Gill (1843-1914) as material. This included the positions, luminosities, and motions of 454,875 stars in the southern sky. In 1906 he planned a statistical study of stars, randomly selecting 206 districts from the entire star field and tallying up the number of stars contained, apparent magnitude, and proper motion for each district. This allowed him to identify star clusters moving in parallel, calculate their average parallax (joint distance), and discover a high-velocity star in the constellation Pictor (Kaptein Star). He also identified two large stellar streams flowing in opposite directions. Using these statistical procedures, he estimated the size of the stellar cluster in 1922 to be an oblate spheroid with a diameter of 55,000 light years and a thickness one-fifth of that, making him a pioneer in the theory of the structure of the galaxy and statistical astronomy. [Shimamura Fukutaro] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オランダの天文学者。バーネフェルトに生まれ、ユトレヒト大学で修学。1875年ライデン天文台研究員となり、1878年フローニンゲン大学の天文学・力学教授に就任した。1896年各国の天文台と提携して星野写真の組織的調査を遂行、とくにギルDavid Gill(1843―1914)の写真乾板を資料として1900年に『ケープ写真星表』3巻を刊行した。これには南天45万4875個の恒星の位置、光度、運動が収録された。1906年恒星の統計的研究を計画、全星野から無差別に206区を選択し、各区ごとに含有星数、視等級、固有運動を集計した。これにより平行運動をする星団を確認、その平均視差(共同距離)を算定して秒速242キロメートルの高速度星をがか座に発見した(カプタイン星)。また反対方向に流動する二大星流を確認した。これらの統計的処理により1922年恒星集団系の規模を想定したが、それは直径5万5000光年、厚さがその5分の1の扁球(へんきゅう)で、銀河系構造論、統計天文学の開拓者となった。 [島村福太郎] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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