A safety device for brakes. It is a function that ensures reliable braking on slippery roads. It is an abbreviation of anti-lock brake system. The abbreviation ABS originally comes from the German word Antiblockiersystem. When braking hard on slippery roads such as snowy roads, rain-soaked paved roads, and gravel roads, the tires lock (stop rotating) due to the low coefficient of friction of the road surface. A locked tire slides on the road surface, making it difficult to steer and increasing the braking distance. In addition, if the left and right wheels are on different road surface conditions, such as one tire being on a slippery surface and the other being on a non-slip surface, and the left and right wheels are on different road surface conditions, applying the brakes suddenly will cause the car's behavior to become unstable and the car will spin out due to the different coefficients of friction between the left and right wheels. Both of these conditions are dangerous and can lead to serious accidents. To avoid these situations, ABS is a system that allows the tires to grip the road surface and allows the vehicle to stop safely and securely. When the difference in rotation between the four wheels exceeds a certain level, due to the tires spinning on a slippery road surface, the system automatically adjusts the brake fluid pressure, releasing the brakes momentarily or gradually applying them, even if the driver keeps his/her foot on the brake pedal. Improvements in electronic control technology have made it possible to achieve even more precise control, thereby increasing safety. ABS has been developed for motorcycles as well as small and large automobiles. ABS for railroad vehicles was developed first, and has since been applied to aircraft and automobiles as well. [Kazuhiko Ito] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ブレーキの安全装置。滑りやすい路面での確実な制動が得られるようにする機能で、アンチロック・ブレーキシステムanti-lock brake systemの略称である。元々はABSの略称はドイツ語のAntiblockiersystemが語源である。 雪道や雨にぬれた舗装道路、砂利道など滑りやすい路面で強くブレーキをかけると、路面の摩擦係数が低いことからタイヤはロック(回転を停止)してしまう。ロックしたタイヤは路面を滑走するためハンドル操作がきかなくなるほか、制動距離も長くなる。また、左右のタイヤのうち、一方が滑りやすい路面、もう一方が滑りにくい路面にあるなど、左右輪の路面状態が異なっているときに急ブレーキをかけると、左右輪の摩擦係数が異なるため、車の挙動が不安定になってスピンしてしまう。 どちらの状態も重大な事故につながる危険なものである。こうした事態を回避するため、タイヤの路面へのグリップを可能にし、安全確実に停止できるようにしたシステムがABSである。滑りやすい路面でタイヤが空転するなどによって四輪の回転差が一定以上になると、運転者がブレーキペダルを踏んだままでも、自動的にブレーキ液圧を調整し、一瞬ブレーキを緩めたり段階的にきかせたりすることで機能する。電子制御技術の向上によって、さらにきめ細かい制御が可能になり、安全性が高まっている。小型・大型自動車だけでなく、二輪車用のABSも開発されている。鉄道車両用が先に開発され、航空機や自動車にも応用されるようになった。 [伊東和彦] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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