When we look up at the sky, the stars and other celestial bodies appear to be attached to a large sphere centered on the observer. This sphere is called the celestial sphere. This image has been the most simple since ancient times. Of course, such a sphere does not actually exist. However, when studying the direction of celestial bodies (apparent position) and changes in direction over time (apparent motion), it is very convenient to think of a hypothetical sphere called the celestial sphere, even in modern astronomy. In this case, rather than a vague image, we make the following clear definition. Here, we do not consider the distance to the celestial body, but only the direction. In this case, the direction of the celestial body (A, B, ...) is represented by arrows (vectors) drawn from observer O to A, B, ... respectively ( (1)). However, this is too complicated and inconvenient for research purposes. Therefore, instead of vectors, it is more convenient to consider a sphere centered on O, project A, B, ... onto it ( (2)), and study their positions (A', B', ...), that is, the positions of the intersections A', B', ... between OA and the sphere ( (3)).So, what should the radius of this sphere be? The clue is that it is more convenient to represent the same direction with the same point. The same direction is represented by parallel straight lines (see (4) in ). Now, parallel straight lines intersect at a single point at infinity (something we experience in our daily lives -- see (5) in ). Therefore, it is best to take the radius of this sphere to be infinite. Then, all the same directions can be represented by a single point on this sphere. This kind of sphere is the celestial sphere considered in astronomy. In other words, instead of saying "the direction of a celestial body," we say "its position on the celestial sphere." Positions on the celestial sphere and their changes over time (apparent motion) are the most fundamental aspects of astronomy, and the field that studies them in particular is called spherical astronomy.[Naoaki Owaki] "The Position and Movement of the Stars, edited by the Earth Sciences Research Group (1994, Tokai University Press)" ▽ "Stars, Galaxies and the Universe - Zooming in on 10 Billion Light Years, by Takase Bunshiro (1994, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "Basic Astronomy Classroom, by Tsuchida Yoshinao, new edition (1995, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "The History of the Celestial Map: How People Have Imagine the Starry Sky, by Peter Whitfield, translated by Arimitsu Hideyuki (1997, Museum Tosho)" ▽ "Astronomical Calculation Classroom, by Saida Hiroshi, new edition (1998, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "Introduction to Astronomical Observation, by Watanabe Junichi (2012, Dainippon Tosho)" [Reference items] | |©Shogakukan "> The concept of the celestial sphere (diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
空を仰ぐと、恒星をはじめもろもろの天体は観測者を中心とした大きな球に張り付いているように見える。この球を天球とよぶ。そのイメージは太古以来のもっとも素朴なものである。むろん、このような球は実在しない。しかし、天体の方向(見かけの位置)や方向の時間的変化(見かけの運動)を研究するうえでは、現代の天文学でも天球という仮想の球を考えるとたいへん便利である。この場合は、漠然としたイメージではなく、以下のような明確な規定を行う。 ここでは、天体までの距離は考えず、方向だけを問題にする。そのとき、天体(A、B、……)の方向は観測者OからA、B、……にそれぞれ引いた矢印(ベクトル)で表される( の(1))。しかしこれではあまりにも複雑で、研究上は不便である。ゆえにベクトルのかわりに、Oを中心とした球を考え、A、B、……をこれに投影し( の(2))、その位置(A'、B'、……)、つまりOAと球面との交点A'、B'、……の位置を研究するほうが便利である( の(3))。それでは、この球の半径をいくらにとったらよいか。その手掛りは、同一方向は同一の点で表すといっそう便利であるということにある。同一の方向とは、平行な直線で表される( の(4))。さて、平行な直線は無限遠(限りなく遠く)で1点に交わる(このことは日常経験することであろう― の(5))。ゆえにこの球の半径は無限大にとるとよい。そうすれば、同一の方向はすべてこの球面上の1点で表すことができる。このような球が天文学で考える天球である。つまり、「ある天体の方向」というかわりに「天球上の位置」と言い表す。天球上の位置やその時間的変化(見かけの運動)は、天文学上もっとも基本的な事柄で、とくにこれを研究する分野を球面天文学とよぶ。[大脇直明] 『地学団体研究会編『星の位置と運動』(1994・東海大学出版会)』▽『高瀬文志郎著『星・銀河・宇宙――100億光年ズームアップ』(1994・地人書館)』▽『土田嘉直著『天文の基礎教室』新装版(1995・地人書館)』▽『ピーター・ウィットフィールド著、有光秀行訳『天球図の歴史 人は星空をどのようにイメージしてきたか』(1997・ミュージアム図書)』▽『斉田博著『天文の計算教室』新装版(1998・地人書館)』▽『渡部潤一著『天体観測入門』(2012・大日本図書)』 [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> 天球の考え方〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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