It is an active volcano made mainly of basalt, straddling both Kumamoto and Oita prefectures. It is located on the volcanic front of the Western Japan volcanic belt. It once belonged to the Kirishima volcanic belt and is the center of Aso-Kuju National Park. It is the symbol of Kumamoto, the Land of Fire. The Aso region has been a site of active volcanic activity since the beginning of the Quaternary Pleistocene (approximately 2.2 million years ago), and during the late Quaternary Pleistocene (Pleistocene) (approximately 270,000 to 90,000 years ago), four super-eruptions occurred, spewing large amounts of volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows. The volume of the ejected material from the fourth super-eruption alone was more than 600 cubic kilometers. The pyroclastic flow deposits that accumulated in north-central Kyushu welded together and became a hard tuff like lava, which is also called the Aso lava. The collapse that occurred during this fourth super-eruption created the Aso caldera, which is about 20 kilometers in diameter and can be seen today. Later, a lake formed within the caldera, but around 10,000 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene or beginning of the Holocene, the western outer rim was cut off by faulting or erosion, forming the Tateno Crater, from which the lake water flowed out. From around that time, eruptions began to occur again within the caldera, forming the central crater cones, including the highest peak, Takadake (1,592 meters), Nakadake (1,506 meters), Eboshi-dake (1,337 meters), and Kishima-dake (1,326 meters). Only Neko-dake (1,433 meters) is thought to have existed before the fourth pyroclastic flow eruption. Eruptions from around 25,000 years ago are limited to Nakadake. The eruption record of Nakadake in 553 AD is the oldest in Japan. Nakadake has a complex crater with about seven craters lined up from north to south, with a long diameter of about 1,100 meters. It is characterized by Strombolian eruptions, in which basaltic magma erupts in small repeated bursts. The first crater at the northern end has been active since the early Showa period. With the development of tourism after the Second World War, it became possible to visit the crater by car or ropeway. This led to a period when the number of casualties increased significantly. In 1928 (Showa 3), the Kyoto University Aso Volcano Research Facility (now the Geothermal Research Facility Volcano Research Center) was established, the first in western Japan, to observe and study volcanic activity, and in 1931 the Aso Mountain Weather Station (now the Aso Mountain Special Area Weather Station) was established. The Aso Mountain Special Area Weather Station's base office (unmanned) at the foot of the mountain automatically monitors the crater using crater monitoring cameras and records seismic waveforms, and directly observes the crater when necessary. The observation results are reported to the Volcano Monitoring and Information Center of the Fukuoka Regional Meteorological Observatory, and volcanic information is released based on them. The Aso Volcano Museum is located at Kusasenrigahama. [Akira Suwa and Setsya Nakata] "Mount Aso" edited by Nakamura Jishirou (1962, Nakamura English and Mathematics School)" ▽ "Aso Volcano" edited by Matsumoto Futoshi and Matsumoto Hantaro (1981, Tokai University Press)" ▽ "New Aso Studies, 3rd Edition, edited by the Kumamoto Nichinichi Shimbun Editorial Department (1994, Kumamoto Nichinichi Shimbun)" ▽ "Aso and the Universe - A Mountain Home to Fire and Gods" by Nagano Ryoichi (1997, Kumamoto Nichinichi Shimbun)" ▽ "The Origin of Aso Volcano - The Heartbeat of the Earth Told by Geology" by Watanabe Ittoku, edited by the Ichinomiya Town History Compilation Committee (2001, Ichinomiya Town)" [References] | | | |The first crater is in the center of the photo, and the second crater is on the left. Aso-Kuju National Park. Aso City, Kumamoto Prefecture and Minamiaso Village, Aso District ©Ministry of the Environment "> Mount Aso (Crater group of Nakadake) The grassland spreads out on the northern foot of Mt. Eboshi (front), one of the "Five Peaks of Aso." This is a typical plateau landscape of Aso. Kumamoto Prefecture, Aso City, Aso District, Minamiaso Village ©Shogakukan "> Mount Aso (Kusasenrigahama) View from the north, Aso City. Aso City, Kumamoto Prefecture, Takamori Town, Aso District © Kumamoto Prefecture "> Mt. Neko Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
熊本・大分両県にまたがり、おもに玄武岩からなる活火山。西日本火山帯の火山フロント(前線)上にある。かつての霧島(きりしま)火山帯に属し、阿蘇くじゅう国立公園の中心地。火の国熊本の象徴である。 阿蘇地域は第四紀更新世の初めごろ(約220万年前)から火山活動が盛んで、第四紀更新世(洪積世)後期(約27万~約9万年前)に、超巨大噴火を4回繰り返し、大量の火山灰と火砕流が放出された。4回目の大噴火の噴出量だけでも約600立方キロメートル以上に達する。北中部九州にたまった火砕流堆積(たいせき)物は溶結して、溶岩のように堅い凝灰岩となったので、阿蘇溶岩ともよばれた。この4回目の超巨大噴火の際におきた陥没によって現在みられる直径20キロメートル前後の阿蘇カルデラができた。 その後、カルデラ内に湖を生じたが、更新世末ないし完新世初頭約1万年前に、断層か侵食により、西側の外輪山が切断されて、立野(たての)火口瀬ができ、湖水が流出した。そのころから、カルデラ内でふたたび噴火が繰り返され、最高峰の高岳(1592メートル)や、中岳(1506メートル)、烏帽子岳(えぼしだけ)(1337メートル)、杵島岳(きしまだけ)(1326メートル)などの中央火口丘群を生じた。根子岳(猫岳)(ねこだけ)(1433メートル)だけは4回目の火砕流噴火前から存在していたと考えられている。2万5000年前ごろからの噴火は中岳に限られる。西暦553年の中岳の噴火記録は日本最古である。中岳は約7個の火口が南北に連なる長径約1100メートルの複合火口をもつ。玄武岩質マグマが小爆発を繰り返す、ストロンボリ式噴火が特徴的である。昭和初期から北端の第一火口が活動中。 第二次世界大戦後の観光開発によって、自動車やロープウェーによる火口見物が可能になった。そのため死傷者が顕著に増大した時期がある。火山活動の観測、研究のため、1928年(昭和3)西日本で最初に京都大学阿蘇火山研究施設(現在の地球熱学研究施設火山研究センター)が、また1931年には阿蘇山測候所(現、阿蘇山特別地域気象観測所)が設けられた。山麓にある阿蘇山特別地域気象観測所の基地事務所(無人)に設置してある火口監視カメラや震動波形記録を自動観測し、必要に応じて火口を直接観測している。観測結果は福岡管区気象台の火山監視・情報センターに報告され、それを元に火山情報が発表されている。草千里ヶ浜には阿蘇火山博物館がある。 [諏訪 彰・中田節也] 『中村治四郎監修『阿蘇山』(1962・中村英数学園)』▽『松本夫・松本幡郎編『阿蘇火山』(1981・東海大学出版会)』▽『熊本日日新聞社編集局編著『新・阿蘇学』第3版(1994・熊本日日新聞社)』▽『長野良市著『阿蘇・宇宙――火と神々の棲む山』(1997・熊本日日新聞社)』▽『一の宮町史編纂委員会編、渡辺一徳著『阿蘇火山の生い立ち――地質が語る大地の鼓動』(2001・一の宮町)』 [参照項目] | | | |写真中央が第一火口、左が第二火口。阿蘇くじゅう国立公園域。熊本県阿蘇市・阿蘇郡南阿蘇村©環境省"> 阿蘇山(中岳の火口群) 「阿蘇五岳」の一つ烏帽子岳(正面)の北麓に広がる草原。阿蘇の代表的な高原風景である。熊本県阿蘇市・阿蘇郡南阿蘇村©Shogakukan"> 阿蘇山(草千里ヶ浜) 北側、阿蘇市からの眺望。熊本県阿蘇市・阿蘇郡高森町©熊本県"> 根子岳 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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