Devonian period

Japanese: デボン紀 - でぼんき(英語表記)Devonian period
Devonian period

The fourth geological period when the Paleozoic Era is divided into six periods, and its name comes from the county of Devon in England where marine deposits of this period developed. It corresponds to about 60.3 million years from about 419.2 million years ago to about 358.9 million years ago, between the Silurian and Carboniferous periods. The strata formed during the Devonian period are called the Devonian system. The Devonian period is said to be the age of fish, and in the animal kingdom, many types of jawless fish and placoderms of cartilaginous fishes were differentiated. Among marine invertebrates, the coelenterates of stromatoporoids and tabular corals flourished, forming reefs together with bryozoans. Among brachiopods, the differentiation of the Spirifera family was remarkable. Ammonites also appeared during this period. As for terrestrial invertebrates, spiders and mites of the Arthropoda phylum, and fossils of primitive insects are known. In the plant kingdom, large wood ferns such as the scale tree appear.

From the end of the Silurian Period to the first half of the present Period, the ancient North American continent, which had been separated by the ancient Atlantic Ocean (Iapetus Ocean), approached and collided with the ancient European continent through plate movement, forming the vast Laurentian continent (Laurentian Plateau). A violent mountain-building event occurred, stretching from the Appalachian region of North America, where the two continents collided, through the Caledonian region in northern Scotland, to the Scandinavian Peninsula and eastern Greenland, known as the Caledonian Orogeny in Europe and the Appalachian Orogeny in North America. Old red sandstone layers formed in an arid climate were deposited around the mountains and inland basins that resulted from the mountain-building event. The widespread distribution of coral reefs suggests that the climate was generally warm, but glaciers also developed in the polar regions of the Southern Hemisphere. In Japan, it is distributed in a long, narrow strip along the Kitakami Mountains, Abukuma Mountains, Hida Mountains, and the Outer Zone of Southwestern Japan, along with the Silurian System, and produces fossils of ferns in addition to coral reefs and brachiopods.

[Tomoo Ozawa and Fumio Kobayashi August 19, 2015]

"Edwin H. Colbert, translated by Tasumi Motoo, "Evolution of Vertebrates, Vol. 1: From the Appearance of Fish to the Age of Reptiles," New Edition (1978, Tsukiji Shokan)" "Dougal Dixon, translated by Obata Ikuo, "Atlas of the Evolution of Life and Earth, Vol. II: From the Devonian to the Cretaceous" (2003, Asakura Shoten)"

[References] | Appalachian Orogen | Ammonite | Armored fish | Caledonian Orogen | Old Red Sandstone Formation | Fish Age | Coelenterates | Paleozoic Era| Silurian Period | Spirifa | Carboniferous Period | Arthropods | Stratopoorta | Geological Period | Tabular corals | Laurentian Plateau
Leptophloeum rhombicum (club moss)
cf. (Dawson) Devonian period of the Paleozoic era, specimen width approx. 9cm, from Ichinoseki city, Iwate prefecture © Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F7502)

Leptophloeum rhombicum (Lipid…

Bothriolepis canadensis (placoderm)
Whiteaves, Devonian period, bone plate (skull and torso) length approx. 10cm, from Quebec, Canada, photo provided by the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F7595)

Bothriolepis canadensis (placoderm)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古生代を六つの紀に区分したときの第四番目の地質時代で、名称はこの時代の海成層が発達するイギリスのデボン県に由来する。シルル紀と石炭紀の間の約4億1920万年前から約3億5890万年前までの約6030万年間に相当する。デボン紀に形成された地層をデボン系という。デボン紀は魚類の時代といわれ、動物界では、軟骨魚類、甲冑魚(かっちゅうぎょ)類の無顎(むがく)類や板皮(ばんぴ)類の多くの種類が分化した。海生の無脊椎(せきつい)動物では、腔腸(こうちょう)動物の層孔虫類・床板サンゴ類が栄え、コケムシ類などとともに礁(しょう)を形成した。腕足類ではスピリファ科の分化が著しい。アンモナイト類もこの時代に出現している。陸上の無脊椎動物としては、節足動物門のクモ・ダニ、原始的な昆虫類の化石が知られている。植物界では、鱗木(りんぼく)などの木性シダ植物の大木が出現する。

 シルル紀末から当紀の前半に、古大西洋(イアペタス海Iapetus Ocean)により隔てられていた古北米大陸がプレート運動で古ヨーロッパ大陸に接近・衝突し、広大なローレンシア大陸(ローレンシア台地)が形成された。両大陸が衝突した北アメリカのアパラチア地方からスコットランド北部のカレドニア地域を経てスカンジナビア半島・グリーンランド東部に連なる激しい造山運動があり、ヨーロッパではカレドニア造山運動、北アメリカではアパラチア造山運動として知られている。造山運動の結果生じた山地周辺や内陸盆地には、乾燥気候下で生成された旧赤色砂岩層が堆積(たいせき)した。サンゴ礁が広く分布することから気候は概して温暖であったと考えられるが、南半球の極地域には氷河の発達もあった。日本では、北上山地、阿武隈(あぶくま)山地、飛騨(ひだ)山地、西南日本外帯にシルル系とともに細長く分布し、ハチノスサンゴ、腕足類などのほかにシダ植物の化石も産する。

[小澤智生・小林文夫 2015年8月19日]

『エドウィン・H・コルバート著、田隅本生訳『脊椎動物の進化 上 魚類の出現から爬虫類時代まで』新版(1978・築地書館)』『ドゥーガル・ディクソン著、小畠郁生監訳『生命と地球の進化アトラスⅡ デボン紀から白亜紀』(2003・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | アパラチア造山帯 | アンモナイト | 甲冑魚 | カレドニア造山帯 | 旧赤色砂岩層 | 魚類時代 | 腔腸動物 | 古生代 | シルル紀 | スピリファ | 石炭紀 | 節足動物 | 層孔虫 | 地質時代 | 床板サンゴ | ローレンシア台地
レプトフロエウム・ロンビクム(ヒカゲノカズラ類)
cf. (Dawson) 古生代デボン紀 標本の幅約9cm 岩手県一関市産©写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F7502)">

レプトフロエウム・ロンビクム(ヒカゲノ…

ボトリオレピス・カナデンシス(板皮類)
Whiteaves 古生代デボン紀 骨板(頭甲・胴甲)長約10cm カナダ ケベック州産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F7595)">

ボトリオレピス・カナデンシス(板皮類)


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