Cartwright, Alexander Joy

Japanese: カートライト(英語表記)Cartwright, Alexander Joy
Cartwright, Alexander Joy
Born April 17, 1820 in New York, New York
[Died] July 12, 1892. Honolulu, Hawaii. The man who created the original baseball rules. One of the founders of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, an amateur baseball team in New York, and a surveyor by trade. In 1845, he established the rules as the head of a committee within the team. It is said that this rule was first adopted in 1846, in a game between the Knickerbockers and the New York Nine in Hoboken, New Jersey. Based on Robin Carver's "Book of Sports" (1834), Cartwright introduced several important new regulations. A representative example of this was the introduction of a method in which the defensive team throws the ball to the base when putting out a runner, instead of the traditional method of throwing the ball to hit the runner, which made it possible to use a hard ball. Cartwright is also said to have set the base distance at 90 feet (27.432 m).

Cartwright
Cartwright, Edmund

Born 24 April 1743 in Manham, Nottinghamshire
[Died] October 30, 1823. Hastings, Sussex. British inventor, businessman, and clergyman. He graduated from Oxford University and became a parish priest. In 1786, he became a canon of Lincoln Cathedral. After visiting Arkwright's mill in 1784, he became interested in weaving machines, and in 1785, he invented the power loom and obtained a patent for it. He improved on this machine and built a spinning mill powered by a steam engine. Although the mill itself went bankrupt eight years later, he devoted himself to inventing and improving other machines, including a wool carding machine (1789), a rope loom, and an alcohol steam engine, making a major contribution to British technology during the Industrial Revolution. In 1809, Parliament awarded him £10,000 for his achievements.

Cartwright
Cartwright, Thomas

[Born] 1535
[Died] December 27, 1603.
English Puritan theologian. Studied at Cambridge University. Because he supported the Reformation, he was banished when Mary I ascended to the throne (1553) and lived in exile during her reign. After returning to the UK, he became a Fellow of Cambridge University, but because he was a vocal critic of the rules and institutions of the Church of England, he fled the UK four times. However, with his indomitable will, he played an active role as a leader of the Puritan movement under the reign of Elizabeth I. He also worked to spread Presbyterianism to the Channel Islands.

Cartwright
Cartwright, John

Born 17 September 1740 in Manham, Nottinghamshire
[died] September 23, 1824, London. British radical parliamentary reformer. He published many pamphlets and founded the Constitutional Information Society (1780) and the Hampden Club (1812). Most of his ideas were later embodied in the People's Constitution. He was the brother of E. Cartwright, famous for inventing the power loom.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1820.4.17. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
[没]1892.7.12. ハワイ,ホノルル
現行の野球ルールの原型をつくった人物。ニューヨークのアマチュア野球チーム,ニッカーボッカー野球クラブの創設者の一人で,本職は測量技師。1845年チーム内に設けられた委員会の長としてルールを制定。翌 1846年ニュージャージー州ホーボーケンで行なわれたニッカーボッカー対ニューヨーク・ナイン戦で,このルールが初めて採用されたといわれる。ロビン・カーバーの "Book of Sports"(1834)を下敷きにしつつ,いくつかの重要な新規定を導入。走者をアウトにする際,ボールを投げて走者にあてる従来の方法に替え,守備側の者が塁にボールを送る方法を導入したのがその代表例で,これにより硬球の使用が可能になった。また,塁間を 90フィート(27.432m)に定めたのもカートライトとされている。

カートライト
Cartwright, Edmund

[生]1743.4.24. ノッティンガムシャー,マーンハム
[没]1823.10.30. サセックス,ヘースティングズ
イギリスの発明家,事業家,聖職者。オックスフォード大学を卒業して教区司祭となった。 1786年リンカーン大聖堂参事会会員。 84年にアークライトの工場を見学してから織機に興味をもち,85年,動力織機を発明して,その特許を得た。この機械を改良し,蒸気機関を動力とする紡績工場を建設。工場そのものは8年後に倒産したが,彼はほかにも羊毛の梳毛機械 (1789) ,縄ない機,アルコール蒸気機関などの発明,改良に打込み,産業革命期のイギリスの技術に大きな貢献をした。 1809年,議会は彼の功績に対して1万ポンドを贈った。

カートライト
Cartwright, Thomas

[生]1535
[没]1603.12.27.
イギリスの清教徒神学者。ケンブリッジ大学に学ぶ。宗教改革に賛意を示したため,メアリー1世の即位とともに追放され (1553) ,彼女の在位中は国外に亡命。帰国後,ケンブリッジ大学のフェローとなるが,イギリス国教会の教規や制度を激しく批判したため,4度も国外に逃亡した。しかし不屈の意志をもって,エリザベス1世治下の清教主義運動の指導者として活躍した。また長老派主義をチャネル諸島に広めるためにも努力した。

カートライト
Cartwright, John

[生]1740.9.17. ノッティンガムシャー,マーンハム
[没]1824.9.23. ロンドン
イギリスの急進的な議会改革主義者。多数のパンフレットを発行し憲法情報協会 (1780) ,ハムデン・クラブ (1812) を創設。その主張の大部分はのちに人民憲章のなかに具体化された。動力織機の発明で有名な E.カートライトの兄。

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