Median Tectonic Line

Japanese: 中央構造線 - ちゅうおうこうぞうせん
Median Tectonic Line

A fault that separates the inner and outer belts of southwestern Japan. It stretches from south of Lake Suwa, west of the Akaishi Mountains, through the Kii Peninsula and Shikoku, to Yatsushiro in western Kyushu. It is located between the Ryoke metamorphic rocks, granite, and Upper Cretaceous Izumi Group to the north, and the Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks to the south. The Median Tectonic Line was named by E. Naumann in 1885 (Meiji 18). The Median Tectonic Line is not a single fault, and it is known that fault movements of different movements have occurred along it at different times.

The Median Tectonic Line is thought to have begun to form in the Middle Cretaceous, before the deposition of the Izumi Group, when the Ryoke metamorphic rocks and granites moved southward along the thrust fault onto the Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks. In 1941 (Showa 16), Teiichi Kobayashi (1901-1996) named this period of fault movement the Kashio stage. The Kashio stage is a period of fault movement accompanied by the formation of mylonite (a type of fault rock). Kashio is the name of a place in Oshika Village, Nagano Prefecture, and the Kashio stage was named after the distribution of mylonite of granite origin, named Kashio mylonite, in this area. The Kashio mylonite was previously thought to have formed in the Middle Cretaceous, but is now thought to have formed in the Late Cretaceous. Furthermore, after the deposition of the Izumi Group, the Ichinokawa stage is characterized by normal fault movement with the north side descending, the Tobe stage is a northward thrusting movement of the Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks, and the Shobudani stage is a thrusting movement of the Izumi Group above the Quaternary system.

Until the 1970s, the vertical movement of the Median Tectonic Line was the focus of attention, but since the 1980s, it has become clear that strike-slip movement is also important. During the latest Cretaceous period, when the Izumi Group was deposited, a large-scale left-lateral strike-slip movement occurred, and it is known that the center of the depositional field shifted from west to east within a long and narrow sedimentary basin. It has been pointed out that the left-lateral strike-slip displacement during this period may have been several hundred kilometers or more. Left-lateral strike-slip movement is also believed to have occurred during the Paleogene. In the region from Shikoku to western Kinki, it has been revealed that right-lateral strike-slip movement occurred during the Quaternary period, and many active faults are known as the Median Tectonic Line active fault system (or Median Tectonic Line fault zone), such as the Chichio fault, Ikeda fault (Tokushima Prefecture), Okamura fault, Iyonada Eastern fault, and Iyonada Western fault (Ehime Prefecture). The activity of the Chichio Fault is right-lateral strike-slip, and at the same time, the Izumi Group to the north is thrusting against the Quaternary deposits that unconformably overlie the Sanbagawa Metamorphic Rocks, making it a right-lateral strike-slip fault with reverse fault components. This fault is thought to have formed in a field of strike-slip compression. The 30-year probability of an earthquake occurring within 30 years for the Median Tectonic Line active fault system is almost zero to a maximum of 0.3% in Shikoku, but is higher at 0.06-14% in the western Kii Peninsula.

Since the 1990s, reflection seismic surveys have revealed that the Median Tectonic Line in western Kinki and eastern Shikoku has a northward inclination of about 30 degrees. The Median Tectonic Line in this area is often seen as a linear valley in the middle and lower reaches of the Yoshino River and the Kinokawa River basin, and can be clearly seen in satellite images. In the Kanto area east of the Fossa Magna, it is estimated to run along the northern edge of the Sanbagawa Belt, and in northeastern Japan, it runs along the eastern side of the Abukuma Belt.

[Akihiro Murata]

"Central Tectonic Line" by Sugiyama Ryuji (1973, Tokai University Press)""Fossa Magna" edited by Yamashita Noboru (1995, Tokai University Press)""Central Tectonic Line Active Fault System in Shikoku" by Goto Hideaki and Nakata Takashi (2000, Hiroshima University General Geography Research Center)""Report on the Investigation Results on the Median Tectonic Line Fault Zone" compiled and published by Ehime Prefecture (2000) ▽ "Summary of the Ehime Prefecture Active Fault Investigation Report" compiled and published by Ehime Prefecture (2001)

[References] | Abukuma Belt | Active fault | Tectonic line | Sanbagawa Belt | Thrust fault | Normal fault | Southwest Japan Outer Zone | Southwest Japan Inner Zone | Fault | Naumann | Fossa Magna | Unconformity | Mylonite | Strike-slip fault | Ryoke Belt
Median Tectonic Line
©Shogakukan ">

Median Tectonic Line

Tobe Thrust Fault
Nationally designated natural monument Tobe-cho, Iyo-gun, Ehime Prefecture © Ehime Prefecture Tourism and Products Association

Tobe Thrust Fault


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

西南日本の内帯と外帯とを分ける断層。諏訪湖(すわこ)南方から、赤石山脈西方、紀伊半島、四国を経て、九州西部八代(やつしろ)まで達する。北側の領家(りょうけ)変成岩類や花崗(かこう)岩類、上部白亜系和泉(いずみ)層群と、南側の三波川(さんばがわ)変成岩類との間に位置する。中央構造線の命名は1885年(明治18)E・ナウマンによる。中央構造線は単一の断層ではなく、それに沿っていくつかの異なる時期に異なる動きの断層運動がおこったことが知られている。

 中央構造線は和泉層群堆積(たいせき)前のおそらく白亜紀中期にその形成が始まったと考えられ、この時期に領家変成岩類や花崗岩類が衝上(しょうじょう)断層に沿って南側の三波川変成岩類の上に移動した。この断層運動の時期を1941年(昭和16)に小林貞一(ていいち)(1901―1996)は鹿塩時階(かしおじかい)と命名した。鹿塩時階は、マイロナイト(断層岩の一種)形成を伴う断層運動の時期であり、鹿塩は長野県大鹿村にある地名で、鹿塩時階の名はこの地に鹿塩マイロナイトと名付けられた花崗岩起源のマイロナイトが分布することにちなんでいる。なお、鹿塩マイロナイトの形成時期は、以前は白亜紀中期と考えられていたが、現在では白亜紀後期と考えられている。さらに和泉層群堆積後、北側が下降する正断層運動で特徴づけられる市ノ川時階、三波川変成岩類の北方へ向かう衝上運動の砥部(とべ)時階、和泉層群が第四系の上へ衝上する菖蒲谷(しょうぶだに)時階の運動が知られている。

 1970年代までは、上記のような中央構造線の上下方向の運動がとくに注目されていたが、1980年代以降、横ずれ運動が重要であることが明らかになってきた。和泉層群堆積時の最後期白亜紀には大規模な左横ずれ運動がおこり、細長い堆積盆内で堆積場の中心が西から東へと移動したことが知られている。この時期の左横ずれ変位量は数百キロメートル以上である可能性が指摘されている。また、古第三紀にも左横ずれ運動がおこったとされている。四国から近畿西部にかけての地域では、第四紀に右横ずれ運動がおこったことが明らかにされ、中央構造線活断層系(あるいは中央構造線断層帯)として父尾断層・池田断層(徳島県)、岡村断層・伊予灘(いよなだ)東部断層・伊予灘西部断層(愛媛県)などの多くの活断層が知られている。父尾断層の活動は、右横ずれであると同時に、北側の和泉層群が、三波川変成岩類を不整合で覆う第四紀堆積物に対して衝上しており、逆断層成分をもつ右横ずれ断層となっている。この断層は横ずれ圧縮の場で形成されたと考えられる。中央構造線活断層系の30年確率(30年以内に地震が発生する確率)は、四国ではほぼ0から最大で0.3%であるが、紀伊半島西部では0.06~14%と高くなっている。

 1990年代以降、近畿西部や四国東部では、中央構造線が30度程度の北傾斜であることが、反射法地震探査で明らかになってきた。この付近の中央構造線は、吉野川の中・下流域、紀ノ川流域などの直線的な谷地形としてよく現れており、人工衛星からの写真でも明瞭(めいりょう)に認められる。フォッサマグナ以東の関東では三波川帯の北縁を通り、また東北日本では阿武隈(あぶくま)帯の東側を通ると推定されている。

[村田明広]

『杉山隆二著『中央構造線』(1973・東海大学出版会)』『山下昇編著『フォッサマグナ』(1995・東海大学出版会)』『後藤秀昭・中田高著『四国の中央構造線活断層系』(2000・広島大学総合地誌研究資料センター)』『愛媛県編・刊『中央構造線断層帯に関する調査成果報告書』(2000)』『愛媛県編・刊『愛媛県活断層調査報告書概要集』(2001)』

[参照項目] | 阿武隈帯 | 活断層 | 構造線 | 三波川帯 | 衝上断層 | 正断層 | 西南日本外帯 | 西南日本内帯 | 断層 | ナウマン | フォッサマグナ | 不整合 | マイロナイト | 横ずれ断層 | 領家帯
中央構造線
©Shogakukan">

中央構造線

砥部衝上断層
国指定天然記念物 愛媛県伊予郡砥部町©一般社団法人愛媛県観光物産協会">

砥部衝上断層


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