When two or more companies become one company through a contract. There are two types of mergers: "absorption mergers," in which one of the parties survives and absorbs the other company that is being dissolved, and "consolidation mergers," in which all of the parties are dissolved and at the same time a new company is established and incorporated into it. Regarding the legal nature of mergers, there are two theories: the unity of personality theory, which interprets a merger as a special contract in the organizational law between the parties that directly results in the consolidation of the companies, and the contribution-in-kind theory, which states that a merger is an increase in the capital of the surviving company through the contribution in kind of all the business of the dissolved company (in the case of an absorption merger) or the establishment of a new company (in the case of a consolidation merger). [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] Merger of corporationsThe merger of a joint-stock company follows the procedures below. [1] The parties enter into a merger agreement. In this case, a merger agreement containing statutory matters must be prepared (Articles 748 and 749 of the Companies Act for absorption-type mergers, and Articles 748 and 753 of the Companies Act for consolidation-type mergers; the same applies below). [2] Each company must disclose the contents of the merger agreement in advance and make it available for review by shareholders and company creditors (Article 782 for absorbed companies, Article 794 for surviving companies, Article 803 for incorporation-type companies). This is to provide information for shareholders to indicate their approval or disapproval at the general meeting of approval, or for company creditors to object to the merger. [3] The merger agreement is approved at the general shareholders meeting. Approval requires a special resolution of the general shareholders meeting (Articles 783 and 784 for the absorbed company, Articles 795 and 796 for the surviving company, and Articles 804 and 805 for the newly incorporated company). Note that there are cases where this resolution of the general shareholders meeting is (a) unnecessary or (b) unnecessary. (a) Cases where it is no longer necessary (1) If the absorbed company is a special controlling company of the surviving company, or if the book value of the merger consideration does not exceed 20% of the surviving company's total assets, a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders of the surviving company is no longer necessary. (2) If the surviving company is a special controlling company of the absorbed company, a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders of the absorbed company is no longer necessary. (b) Cases where the amount is increased: (1) If all or part of the consideration paid to shareholders is an equity company, the consent of all shareholders of the company disappearing in the merger is required. (2) If the company established in the consolidation-type merger is an equity company, the consent of all shareholders of the company disappearing in the merger is required. In addition, dissenting shareholders and certain holders of stock acquisition rights are granted the right to demand purchase at a fair price (Articles 785-788 for companies disappearing in an absorption-type merger, Articles 797-798 for surviving companies, Articles 806-809 for companies disappearing in a consolidation-type merger). [4] Creditors of each company may raise objections to the merger (Article 789 for the absorbed company, Article 799 for the surviving company, and Article 810 for the consolidated company). If the merger causes the financial condition of the debtor company to deteriorate, it will become difficult to collect debts, which will have a significant impact on creditors. [5] Register the merger (Article 921 for absorption-type mergers and Article 922 for consolidation-type mergers). [6] After the merger takes effect, the matters related to the merger shall be made available for inspection by shareholders and company creditors without delay (Article 801 for a surviving company in an absorption-type merger, Article 815 for a newly established company in an incorporation-type merger). This is to provide information for deciding whether or not to file a lawsuit for invalidation of the merger. A company dissolved by a merger immediately ceases to exist and does not require liquidation procedures. The invalidity of a merger can only be asserted by filing a lawsuit for invalidation of the merger within six months from the date of the merger. [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] "Company Mergers" by Hiroshi Imai and Shin Kikuchi (2005, Commercial Law)" ▽ "Taxation of Mergers and Divisions - Legal and Tax Affairs" 3rd Edition by Dodo Nakano (2007, Tax Accounting Association)" ▽ "Complete Book of Commercial Registration 7: Reorganization Procedures - From Legal Planning to Registration" by Toshio Kaneko (2007, Chuo Keizaisha)" ▽ "How to Proceed with Company Mergers" by Yuko Tamai (Nikkei Bunko) [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
二つ以上の会社が、契約によって一つの会社になること。合併には、当事者である一つの会社が存続し他の解散する会社を吸収する「吸収合併」と、当事会社の全部が解散しそれと同時に新たな会社を設立してそのなかに入り込む「新設合併」とがある。合併の法的性質につき、合併を会社の合同を直接生ぜしめる当事会社間の組織法上の特殊な契約と解する人格合一説と、解散会社の営業全部の現物出資による存続会社の資本増加(吸収合併の場合)、または新会社の設立(新設合併の場合)であるとする現物出資説が主張されている。 [戸田修三・福原紀彦] 株式会社の合併株式会社の合併は以下のような手続を経る。 〔1〕当事会社間で合併契約を締結する。この場合、法定事項を記載した合併契約書の作成が必要である(会社法は吸収合併の場合は748条・749条、新設合併の場合は748条・753条で規定。以下同様)。 〔2〕各当事会社において、合併契約の内容等を事前に開示し、株主および会社債権者の閲覧に供する(吸収合併消滅会社は782条、存続会社は794条、新設合併消滅会社803条)。承認総会において株主が賛否を示す、または会社債権者が合併に異議を述べるための判断材料を提供するためである。 〔3〕株主総会において合併契約書を承認する。承認には株主総会の特別決議が必要である(吸収合併消滅会社は783条・784条、存続会社は795条・796条、新設合併消滅会社は804条・805条)。なお、この株主総会決議が、(a)不要になる場合と、(b)加重される場合とがある。 (a)不要になる場合 (1)吸収合併消滅会社が存続会社の特別支配会社である場合、または合併対価の簿価が存続会社の総資産額の20%を超えない場合には、吸収合併存続会社の株主総会決議が不要になる。(2)吸収合併合併存続会社が吸収合併消滅会社の特別支配会社である場合には吸収合併消滅会社の株主総会決議が不要になる。 (b)加重される場合 (1)株主に交付する対価の全部または一部が持分(もちぶん)会社の持分である場合には吸収合併消滅会社の総株主の同意が必要となる。(2)新設合併設立会社が持分会社である場合には、新設合併消滅会社の総株主の同意が必要となる。なお、反対株主や一定の新株予約権者には、公正価格での買取請求権が認められている(吸収合併消滅会社785条~788条、存続会社は797条~798条、新設合併消滅会社は806条~809条)。 〔4〕各当事会社の債権者は、合併について異議を述べることができる(吸収合併消滅会社は789条、存続会社は799条、新設合併消滅会社は810条)。合併によって債務者である会社の財産状態が悪化すると、債権回収が困難となり、債権者に重大な影響を及ぼすからである。 〔5〕合併の登記を行う(吸収合併は921条、新設合併は922条)。 〔6〕合併の効力発生後遅滞なく、合併に関する事項を株主および会社債権者の閲覧に供する(吸収合併存続会社は801条、新設合併設立会社は815条)。合併無効の訴えを提起するか否かの判断材料を提供するためである。合併により解散した会社はただちに消滅し、清算手続を必要としない。合併の無効は、合併の日から6か月以内に、合併無効の訴えによってのみ主張できる。 [戸田修三・福原紀彦] 『今井宏・菊地伸著『会社の合併』(2005・商事法務)』▽『中野百々造著『合併・分割の税務――その法務と税務』三訂版(2007・税務経理協会)』▽『金子登志雄著『商業登記全書7 組織再編の手続――法務企画から登記まで』(2007・中央経済社)』▽『玉井裕子著『会社合併の進め方』(日経文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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